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| Rhetoric/persuasion could be used for good |
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| Rhetoric obscures the truth |
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| Actively participating in community/public affairs |
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| Manipulative/deceptive speech |
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| Historical/political/cultural knowledge necessary to actively participate as a citizen in a democracy |
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| Deliberating in good faith |
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| Debating issues in a spirit of mutual respect, with a commitment to telling the truth, sound reasoning, and remaining open |
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| Demeans class of people based on race, ethnicity, religion, etc. |
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| Transactional Communication |
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| Constructing shared messages/understandings between individuals |
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| To put ideas into a particular format for transmission over a particular channel |
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| To interpret verbal/nonverbal content of a message |
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| Required to attend a presentation |
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| Actively attending to/processing a message |
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| Listening to show your support/understanding for the feelings of another person |
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| You hope to learn/expand your knowledge |
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| You aim to analyze/evaluate a speaker's message |
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| Internal anxiety that a speaker brings to the speaking situation, not dependent on the specific situation |
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| Caused by worrisome factors in a specific speaking situation |
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| Channeling efforts/energies so we actively concentrate on the speaker's complete message |
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| Tensing then relaxing certain muscles |
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| Who the speaker would most like to influence with the message |
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| Level of interest that listeners have in a topic |
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| Process by which roles/behaviours are judged as appropriate within different cultures |
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| Physiological needs (food, shelter), Safety needs (stability, security), Belonging needs (love, acceptance), Esteem needs (status, self worth), self-actualization needs (desire to achieve to our full abilities, self-improvement) |
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| Audience's perception of a speaker's honesty/fair mindedness in considering diverse points of view |
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| Why should you become a better listener |
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Definition
-Helps you be informed
-Part of your responsibility as a citizen
-Gives you a clearer sense of who we are/what we value
-Develop/sustain relationships |
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Term
| Barriers to good listening |
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Definition
-Automatic Rejection
-Short attention span
-Stereotyping
-Distractions
-Passivity syndrome (assuming burden of effective coms is all on the speaker) |
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| Practicing critical listening |
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Definition
-Be informed
-Recognize your biases
-Identify your goals
-Understand the circumstances/target audience
-Consider speaker's purpose |
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| Practicing active listening |
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Definition
-Take notes as you listen
-Evaluate quality of speaker's ideas/support
-Be aware of the potential influence of the speaker's ethos |
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| Functions of informative speeches |
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Definition
-Sharing ideas/info
-Raising awareness
-Articulating alternatives |
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| Description informative speech |
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Definition
| Help audience get clear picture of the subject |
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| Demonstration informative speech |
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Definition
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| Explanation informative speech |
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Definition
| Understand complicated concepts |
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| Informative oral report informative speech |
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Definition
| To assist group's performance/decision making |
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| Chronological illustration |
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| Concept over time/step by step progressions |
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| Emphasize the significance of the categories |
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| How to make info interesting |
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Definition
-Relevance
-Novelty: startling/unusual/new
-Variety
-Actively involve audience |
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-Be objective/accurate/fair-minded
-Accommodate tastes/standards of audience |
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| Gain audience understanding |
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| Influence opinions/actions |
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| Reinforce shared values as a vehicle of community building |
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Guiding idea of the speech that you want listeners to take away from it.
-Purpose is the foundation of the thesis |
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| Attempt to articulate the overall idea you're examining |
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| Developing information literacy |
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Definition
-Use various resources
-Evaluate all info you encounter
-Check date, author, bias, audience, validity/accuracy, fair use |
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| Body of fact and opinion you present in support of your claims |
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| Tells a story, based on either true experiences or symbolism, perhaps in the form of a proverb |
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| Generalizations from a small sample to a larger pop |
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| How the entire pop is actually like |
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| Opinions, interpretations, judgements of other people |
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| Based on your own experiences/beliefs |
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| Based on experiences of ordinary people whose direct experience make their testimony compelling |
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| Based on those who expertise/experience make them especially trustworthy |
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| Views of popular/famous person who isn't an expert but expresses a genuine commitment to the cause |
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| Relate unfamiliar to the familiar to simplify difficult concepts. The things being compared must actually be comparable |
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| Climatic organizational pattern |
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Definition
| Arranged according to importance, size, or degree of simplicity |
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| Problem-solution organizational pattern |
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Definition
| Moves from perceived difficulties to an examination of alternatives to a best solution |
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| Narrative organizational pattern |
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Definition
| Based on a storytelling model |
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| Bridge that connects one idea to another |
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Definition
-Establish common ground with audience
-Capture/hold attention
-Show why topic is relevant to them
-Advance speech's purpose
-Preview main ideas |
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-Summarize main ideas
-Challenge/appeal to audience
-Visualize the future
-Refer to intro
-Possible quote |
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| Incorporate preliminary thoughts/emerging ideas |
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| Contain fully developed ideas/support |
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-Know your main points ahead of time
-Write all bibliographic info as you go
-Translate info into your own words
-Only direct quotes when absolutely necessary
-Eliminate unnecessary info |
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| Speaker's choice/use of language |
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| Literal, objective meaning of the words without any emotional baggage they may carry |
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| Subjective/emotional meanings associated with particular words/phrases |
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| Language that is chosen with the listener in mind (short/simple/straightforward sentences, familiar language, more informal/conversational) |
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| Precise meaning within a particular field |
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| Effective when speaker wants audience to remember a specific point/phrase |
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Definition
| Emphasize/clarify an idea by discussing it in specific ways |
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Attempt to boost meaning of a word but reveals nothing new.
Ex: very, most, definitely |
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| Provide info that the noun standing alone cannot convey |
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| Vivid language that attempts to appeal to one of our five sense |
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2 contrasting ideas are placed opposition through use of parallel phrases or clauses.
Ex: Barry Goldwater quote (vice vs. virtue, extremism vs. moderation) |
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| Imply a meaning that is opposite of the literal meaning of a word/expression. Doing the opposite of what someone expects. |
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Presents in combo seemingly contradictory terms
Ex: thundering silence |
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| To stimulate audience interest/thought, not to solicit answers |
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Use of a series of sentences with similar length/structure to signify equality of ideas.
Ex: Starting each sentence with "I see..." |
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| Communicating with respect for your listeners, never speaking to manipulate them, but aiming for a mutually beneficial outcome |
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| Using an abbreviated set of speaking notes |
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| Casual delivery when speaker has little to no time to prepare |
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| Reinforces gender stereotypes |
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| Presenting a speech from a prepared text, often formal ceremonial settings |
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| Words that alert listeners where you are in the speech, ex: finally, the next reason is... |
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