Term
| If you put an animal in a box what are the top 10 things to consider and why |
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Definition
Building materials and building structure
Orientation of barn (e.g. prevailing winds in ON are from the West)
Stocking density
Air → #1 nutrient
Water → #2 nutrient
Light → #3 nutrient
Social interactions
Animal handling - touch is the most important
Nutrition
Life stage and production level
Thermal biology and modes of heat transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal body temperature is kept at a constant level within a narrow range, without expending much metabolic energy |
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Term
| What are the 5 modes for heat flow and describe them |
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Definition
Conduction
-from one object to another in direct contact, no movement involved
Convection
transfer of heat by movement of molecules
Radiation
-heat transferred through electromagnetic waves
Evaporation
-heat energy is used as liquids are transformed into gas
Condensation
-no temperature change, heat is not lost but becomes dormant |
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Term
| List 4 biological effects of temperature on an animal |
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Definition
-cold stress = increase feed intake & metabolic activity
-heat stress = decrease feed intake & metabolic activity
cold stress = shivering
heat stress = sweating = evaporative water loss
panting
vasoconstriction/dilation
piloerection |
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Term
| Sensible modes of heat transfer? |
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Definition
conduction
convection
radiation |
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Term
| Latent modes of heat transfer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the heat balance equation |
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Definition
M + G = L
Metabolic heat + heated gained from the environment = heat lost back to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
Basal Metabolic Rate
-animal at rest
-post-absorptive state
-no physiological stress
-in a thermoneutral environment |
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Term
| 7. What happens to an animal’s body surface area as body weight increases? What are the outcomes between a small and large animal relative to summer and winter conditions |
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Definition
-relative surface area decreases
-smaller animal has larger relative surface area than larger animal, will have an easier time losing heat in the summer, more difficult to retain heat in winter
-larger animal has smaller relative surface area, will have an easier time retaining heat in winter but losing heat in summer is a challenge |
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Term
| What determines effective surface area of an animal's body? |
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Definition
Geometry (body shape of the animal, determined by genetics)
e.g. elephants have large ears, arctic fox have small ears
Behaviour (posture, e.g. lying down, sprawling out, curling up) |
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Term
| 9. What is the relationship between thermal conductance and insulation value? Give an example of a low and high conducting material |
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Definition
Material with a high conductivity will have low insulation value
Low: rubber
High: aluminum |
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Term
| Define THI and why is it important |
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Definition
Temperature Humidity Index
-how hot the animal feels when air temperature and humidity are combined
-important because humid air feels hotter than dry, if humidity is high then sweating & evaporation are ineffective cooling mechanisms |
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Term
| List 2 species that pant, 2 that sweat and one that wallows |
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Definition
PANT
-dogs
-chickens
SWEAT
-horses
-cattle
WALLOW
-pigs |
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Term
| How important is the cover layer of insulation of an animal and give two examples |
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Definition
Very important, can be adjusted in response to environmental conditions
e.g. ruffling feathers of birds, erection of winter coat in horses |
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Term
| Define thermoneutral zone |
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Definition
Range of temperatures where body temperature can be maintained without any change in metabolic rate
-may still use non-energy requiring methods to maintain temp e.g. piloerection, changes in posture, vasodilation |
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Term
| What is the general rule for upper critical temperature values for most domestic animals? Lower? |
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Definition
Approx 3 degrees celsius higher than normal core body temperature
20-60C below can still survive! |
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Term
| What are the 4 functions of ventilation |
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Definition
1. Uniform distribution of fresh air (no drafts)
2. Maintain building temp within species' UCT & LCT
3. Exhaust respired moisture
4. Remove all air contaminants |
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Term
| Air contaminants are often categorized as |
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Definition
Dust
-bedding, feed, manure, dander
Gases
-gas state at normal enviro temps
Bio-aerosols
-microorganisms suspended in air e.g. bacteria, molds |
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Term
| What are three major gases in livestock facilities |
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Definition
Ammonia
Hydrogen Sulfide
CO2
CO
VOCs |
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Term
| Direct effects of air contaminants on animals? Indirect? |
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Definition
direct: tissue damage to mucus membranes, skin
indirect: increased susceptibility to disease |
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Term
| How important is particle size of dust |
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Definition
<10 microns it can enter lower airway, >10 can be filtered out by upper respiratory defense
-reduces gas exchange, induce allergic reactions, slows pulmonary clearing of pathogens, increase risk of disease |
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Term
| What is UV light? and what are the three types and their effects |
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Definition
invisible electromagnetic radiation
UV-A: Aging
UV-B: Burning (most absorbed by ozone)
UV-C: Germicidal, very strong (absorbed by ozone) |
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Term
| What are three types of ventilation systems used in domestic livestock facilities |
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Definition
Fan
negative = air is pulled from inside
positive = air is pushed into structure
Natural
-relies on wind direction, thermal buoyancy
Combination of both |
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Term
| List 4 management considerations that could affect air pollutants in a livestock barn |
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Definition
Manure management
-removal, separate liquids & solids
Ventilation & Climates
-adequate ventilation to keep pollutants in acceptable range
Flooring
-slats, type of bedding
Animal/Human Activity
-moving animals, feeders moving in and out etc |
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Term
| Give three examples of reducing heat stress in domestic livestock |
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Definition
-provide feed that doesn't have a high HIF
-misting from above
-pond to walk through/wallow in
-seek shade
-adequate fresh air |
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Term
| What is a biological rhythm and how is it defined |
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Definition
| endogenous, self sustaining oscillation defined by the period, level, amplitude and phase |
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Term
| List 4 different lamp types that are used in general animal facilities |
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Definition
Incandescent
Fluorescent
Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Halogen spot
Flood laps |
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Term
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Definition
| study of biological rhythms and mechanisms of biological timekeeping |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 27. Regarding the lighting recommendations that are given for most of the species in the lecture, how where he light levels developed |
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Definition
| based on what is needed for the humans to be able to work comfortably, see things properly etc not for the benefit of the animals |
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Term
| What are the 4 most important things to consider in designing a facility? |
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Definition
Movement of:
Animals
Feed
Manure
People |
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Term
| Define period, level, amplitude and phase |
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Definition
Period: time required for 1 cycle
Level: baseline of rhythmic variation
Amplitude: magnitude of variability
Phase: measure of peaks & troughs relative to time |
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Term
| What are the key features of lighting systems? |
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Definition
photoperiod
intensity (brightness)
quality (wavelengths, colour) |
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Term
| What are the features of lamps? |
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Definition
Spectral Power Distribution
Colour Temperature
Colour Rendering Index |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of light from the sun? |
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Definition
Visible
Infrared
UltraViolet |
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Term
| What type of light do hens prefer? What colour? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effects does lighting have on animal biology? |
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Definition
Vision
Reproduction
Production
Behaviour |
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Term
| What is stress according to physiological sciences? |
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Definition
| study of physiological, biochemical and behavioural responses to changes in physical, chemical and biological environment |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hunger and thirst
2. Discomfort
3. Pain/injury/disease
4. Express normal behaviour
5. Fear/Distress |
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Term
| What are the responses to adverse environments? |
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Definition
Adaptaion
-changge to reduce physiological strain (long term)
Acclimitization
-short term change to environmental stress
Habituation
-reduce response to/perception of stimulation |
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Term
| What are the categories of stress? |
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Definition
CENPPSP
Climatic
Environmental
Nutritional
Physiological
Pysical
Social
Psychological |
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Term
| Name some body responses to stress |
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Definition
-mobilization of energy stores
-increase heart rate, BP, respiratory rate
-inhibited growth
-halted digestion
-immune response impeded
-reduced pain response
-improved cognitive/sensory skills |
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Term
| What is pathological stress? |
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Definition
| exposure to infections agents |
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Term
| What kind of stressors can be easily avoided? |
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Definition
ovecrowding
ventilation
handling
bedding/manure
vaccination
feed availability
transportation
lighting
dehydration
etc |
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Term
| What are some driving events that can be stressful/challenging for animals in transpot? |
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Definition
braking
gear changing
start/stopping
cornering |
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Term
| When is it not safe to transport an animal? |
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Definition
-cannot stand or move on their own
-fracture which is painful or impedes mobility
-dehydration
-exhaustion
-shock
-uterine prolapse
-hernia |
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Term
| What is the #1 focus for animal transport vehicles? |
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Definition
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