Shared Flashcard Set

Details

2 Midterm
Marshall University—JMC 402 Law of Mass Communication—Professor Dan Hollis—Summer Intersession 2015
170
Journalism
Undergraduate 4
05/22/2015

Additional Journalism Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
6 Sources of Law
Definition
Common Law, Ecclesiastical Law, Constitutional Law, Equity, Statutory Law, Regulatory Law
Term
What Is the Incorporation Doctrine?
Definition
This is the application of (most of) the Bill of Rights to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.
Term
2 Doctrines of Constitutional Interpretation
Definition
Constructivism/Originalsim v. Judicial Activism
Term
Equity Orders
Definition
TROs & Permanent Injunctions
Term
2 Types of Constitutional Challenges to Statutes
Definition
Facial & As Applied
Term
Who Crafts Regulatory Laws?
Definition
Independent Regulatory Agencies (IRAs)
Term
When Does a Supreme Court Term Begin?
Definition
2nd Monday in October
Term
How Long Is a Single Case Rotation at the Supreme Court?
Definition
2 Weeks
Term
4 Types of Supreme Court Opinions
Definition
Majority, Plurality, Concurrence, Dissent
Term
How Many Appellate Circuits Are There?
Definition
13
Term
In Which Circuit Are Ohio and Kentucky?
Definition
6th Circuit
Term
How Many Trial Districts Are There?
Definition
94
Term
2 Types of Damages
Definition
Actual Damages (Actual Loss Incurred) and Punitive Damages (Punishment of Liable Defendant)
Term
What Case Created Judicial Review in the United States?
Definition
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Term
What Did the Magna Carta Do?
Definition
It removed certain powers from the crown and ceded additional powers to the people.
Term
4 Ways the Monarchy Responded to the Printing Press
Definition
Seditious Libel, Bonding Requirements, Licensure System, Taxation
Term
Who Was John Peter Zenger?
Definition
He seditiously libeled a colonial governor, but a jury nullified the charge. This is seen by some as a precursor to the First Amendment.
Term
This is the application of (most of) the Bill of Rights to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.
Definition
Incorporation Doctrine
Term
Constructivism/Originalsim v. Judicial Activism
Definition
2 Doctrines of Constitutional Interpretation
Term
TROs & Permanent Injunctions Fall under Which Source of Law?
Definition
Equiry
Term
What removed certain powers from the crown and ceded additional powers to the people?
Definition
Magna Carta
Term
Who seditiously libeled a colonial governor before a jury nullified the charge?
Definition
John Peter Zenger
Term
Who Wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Definition
Thomas Jefferson
Term
What Did Thomas Jefferson Write?
Definition
The Declaration of Independence
Term
First 7 Words of the Declaration of Independence
Definition
When, in the course of human events…
Term
What Begins 'When, in the course of human events…'?
Definition
The Declaration of Independence
Term
What Does Marshall University Political Scientist Jamie Warner Call the Declaration of Independence?
Definition
America's Breakup Letter to the King
Term
The Plan before the Constitution Was to _____ the Articles of Confederation.
Definition
Revise, not Rewrite
Term
First 7 Words of the Constitution
Definition
We the people of the United States…
Term
6 Purposes of the First Amendment
Definition
Progress toward an Ideal, Watchdog Role of the Press, Stability, Tolerance, Social Robustness, Self-Fulfillment
Term
Who Does the First Amendment Apply To?
Definition
Government Actors
Term
What Case Said the First Amendment Is Incorporated via the Fourteenth Amendment?
Definition
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Term
First Amendment Incorporation is _____ Law
Definition
Settled
Term
What Is Settled Law?
Definition
Legal Principle that Is Essentially Undisputed
Term
3 Theories of First Amendment Interpretation
Definition
Absolutist Theory, Meiklejohnian Theory, Preferred-Position Theory
Term
Absolutist Theory, Meiklejohnian Theory, Preferred-Position Theory
Definition
3 Theories of First Amendment Interpretation
Term
Absolutist Theory
Definition
1 of the 3 Theories of First Amendment Interpretation. There is absolutely no line on what expression is protected. This is mostly theoretical.
Term
Meiklejohnian Theory
Definition
1 of the 3 Theories of First Amendment Interpretation. The goal is to protect political and social commentary.
Term
Preferred-Position Theory
Definition
1 of the 3 Theories of First Amendment Interpretation. The First Amendment is in a preferred position when compared to other rights and liberties. Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976) is an example of this, and this is a principle on which Near v. Minnesota (1931) was crafted.
Term
There is absolutely no line on what expression is protected by the First Amendment.
Definition
Absolutist Theory in First Amendment Interpretation
Term
The goal of the First Amendment is to protect political and social commentary.
Definition
Meiklejohnian Theory in First Amendment Interpretation
Term
The First Amendment is in a preferred position when compared to other rights and liberties.
Definition
Preferred-Position Theory in First Amendment Interpretation
Term
What Expressions Get Strict Scrutiny?
Definition
Political and Social Commentary, Press Material Not Yet Published, Prior Restraint
Term
What Standard of Review Applies to Political and Social Commentary, Press Material Not Yet Published, and Prior Restraint?
Definition
Strict Scrutiny
Term
What Expressions Get Less Protection?
Definition
Copyright, Libel, Commercial Speech
Term
What Are the Two Rules for Narrow Tailoring of a TPM Restriction?
Definition
Not Too Broad, Not Too Vague
Term
What Issue Informs Prior Restraint Precedent After the Case of Near v. Minnesota?
Definition
National Security
Term
National Security Has Affected Precedent in What Area of JMC Law?
Definition
Prior Restraint
Term
New York Times Co. v. United States
Definition
The Pentagon Papers Case. The Supreme Court, rescinding its own TRO, allowed the Times to print its two-week series, and the court used Near in its rationale. 1971
Term
The Pentagon Papers Case.
Definition
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Term
United States v. Progressive, Inc.
Definition
The Department of Energy sued in W.D. Wisconsin to stop The Progressive from publishing hydrogen bomb instructions, and the District Court granted relief of hefty substantial governmental interest. Pending appeal to the 7th Circuit, another organization published the material, mooting the Progressive case. 1979.
Term
The Department of Energy sued in W.D. Wisconsin to stop publication of hydrogen bomb instructions, and the District Court granted relief of hefty substantial governmental interest. Pending appeal to the 7th Circuit, another organization published the material, mooting the case.
Definition
United States v. Progressive, Inc. (1979)
Term
What Are the Four Types of Forums?
Definition
Private, Nonpublic, Limited-Purpose Public, and Traditional Public
Term
Private, Nonpublic, Limited-Purpose Public, and Traditional Public
Definition
Forums under Forum Analysis
Term
Private Forum
Definition
Not Government-Owned. Totally Outside of the First Amendment.
Term
Forum Not Government-Owned.
Definition
Private Forum
Term
Nonpublic Forums
Definition
Government-Owned, but No Public Access. Prisons and K–12 Schools.
Term
Forum Government-Owned, but without Public Access.
Definition
Nonpublic Forums
Term
Limited-Purpose Public Forums
Definition
Government-Owned, with Public Access, with Specificity for Expressive Purposes
Term
Government-Owned, with Public Access, with Specificity for Expressive Purposes
Definition
Limited-Purpose Public Forums
Term
Another Phrase for a Limited-Purpose Public Forum
Definition
Designated-Purpose Public Forum
Term
Designated-Purpose Public Forum
Definition
Another Phrase for a Limited-Purpose Public Forum
Term
Another Phrase for a Designated-Purpose Public Forum
Definition
Limited-Purpose Public Forum
Term
Traditional Public Forums
Definition
Great Deal of First Amendment Protection. Strict Scrutiny Applies. Soapbox in Front of City Hall.
Term
Forums with a Great Deal of First Amendment Protection.
Definition
Traditional Public Forums
Term
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
Definition
If an expression in a public school would substantially and materially interfere with the mission of the school, the school may restrict the expression. Supreme Court, 1969.
Term
If an expression in a public school would substantially and materially interfere with the mission of the school, the school may restrict the expression.
Definition
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Term
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
Definition
The FCC can regulate broadcast indecency without violating the First Amendment. Supreme Court, 1978
Term
The FCC can regulate broadcast indecency without violating the First Amendment.
Definition
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (Supreme Court, 1978)
Term
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
Definition
Corporations are not allowed to lie. The government can regulate ads that are false or misleading, deceptive or unfair, or promote unlawful or illegal goods and services; and the government can impose regulations that directly advance a substantial government interest as long as there is a reasonable fit between the regulation and the interest. (Supreme Court, 1980)
Term
Corporations are not allowed to lie. The government can regulate ads that are false or misleading, deceptive or unfair, or promote unlawful or illegal goods and services; and the government can impose regulations that directly advance a substantial government interest as long as there is a reasonable fit between the regulation and the interest.
Definition
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Term
Garcetti v. Ceballos
Definition
Government employees can be discharged, without the employer violating the First Amendment, for expressions that supervisors believe might harm the agency. Supreme Court, 2006.
Term
Government employees can be discharged, without the employer violating the First Amendment, for expressions that supervisors believe might harm the agency.
Definition
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Term
Symbolic expression is protected _____ as conventional expresion.
Definition
about as much
Term
Texas v. Johnson
Definition
Flag burning is protected expression. Supreme Court, 1989.
Term
Flag burning is protected expression.
Definition
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Term
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
Definition
There is a right not to speak. Supreme Court, 1943.
Term
There is a right not to speak.
Definition
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Term
Anonymous expression is protected _____ as conventional expresion.
Definition
about as much
Term
We consider online media to be print media for First Amendment freedom purposes.
Definition
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
Term
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
Definition
We consider online media to be print media for First Amendment freedom purposes. Supreme Court, 1997.
Term
3 Things Used to Differentiate Print from Broadcast
Definition
Capacity to Carry a Message, Pervasiveness, Ubiquity
Term
Capacity to Carry a Message, Pervasiveness, Ubiquity
Definition
3 Things Used to Differentiate Print from Broadcast
Term
Student journalists are bound to _____ rules as adult journalists.
Definition
the same
Term
The more power student journalists have, the _____ liability and the _____ right to censor the school has.
Definition
less, less
Term
Yeo v. Town of Lexington
Definition
1st Circuit: Because students decided not to publish an abstinence ad in the school paper, the school could not be liable for the content-based discrimination since the decision was student-made. First Circuit, 1997.
Term
Because students decided not to publish an abstinence ad in the school paper, the school could not be liable for the content-based discrimination since the decision was student-made.
Definition
Yeo v. Town of Lexington (1997), 1st Circuit
Term
What is the Difference Between Tinker and Hazelwood?
Definition
What is school-allowed versus what is school-sponsored
Term
5 Criteria for Administrator Censorship
Definition
Materially and substantially interfere with the school. Fail to meet a certain academic standard, like poor student press work. Indecent, even if not obscene. Oppositional to health and welfare, such as sex and drugs. Viiolate the rights of other students, like a right to privacy.
Term
Bethel School District v. Fraser
Definition
Schools can regulate indecent material, even if not obscene. This is called the Fraser standard. Supreme Court, 1986
Term
Schools can regulate indecent material, even if not obscene.
Definition
The Fraser Standard. Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Term
5 Differences the College Press Has over High School Press
Definition
Older audience. Virtually all the decision-making. Funded independently through student fees and ads. Not under curricular control. Colleges do not want decision-making capacity because, via implied law, less control means less liability.
Term
Dickey v. Alabama State Board of Education
Definition
M.D. Alabama: Recognized the rights of college editors for the first time a court had done so. The District Court found against the college dismissal of a student editor for declining to print a force-fed editorial. M.D. Alabama, 1967.
Term
Recognized the rights of college editors for the first time a court had done so. The court found against the college dismissal of a student editor for declining to print a force-fed editorial.
Definition
Dickey v. Alabama State Board of Education (1967)
Term
Lewis v. St. Cloud State University
Definition
8th Circuit, from Minnesota Federal District: a college could not be liable for a defamatory statement printed in a school paper. 8th Circuit by Minnesota Federal District, 2006
Term
Stanley v. Magrath (1983)
Definition
8th Circuit: A college student government cannot engage in a retaliatory withholding of funding for the student newspaper. 8th Circuit, 1983.
Term
Hosty v. Carter
Definition
8th Circuit: While the college administrator probably should not have tried to force administrative review of the school paper, she enjoyed governmental qualified immunity from the civil rights issue because she could not have been expected to be familiar with Hazelwood to the degree that it was a clearly established principle or rule of law. 8th Circuit, 2005.
Term
A college could not be liable for a defamatory statement printed in a school paper.
Definition
Lewis v. St. Cloud State University (2006), 8th Circuit
Term
A college student government cannot engage in a retaliatory withholding of funding for the student newspaper.
Definition
Stanley v. Magrath (1983), 8th Circuit
Term
While the college administrator probably should not have tried to force administrative review of the school paper, she enjoyed governmental qualified immunity from the civil rights issue because she could not have been expected to be familiar with Hazelwood to the degree that it was a clearly established principle or rule of law.
Definition
Hosty v. Carter (2005), 8th Circuit
Term
Pitt News v. Pappert
Definition
3rd Circuit: Anti-alcohol regulations in student media advertisements are unconstitutional. 3rd Circuit, 2004.
Term
Educational Media Co. v. Swecker
Definition
4th Circuit: Anti-alcohol regulations in student media advertisements are constitutional. 4th Circuit, 2010.
Term
Anti-alcohol regulations in student media advertisements are unconstitutional.
Definition
Pitt News v. Pappert (2004), 3rd Circuit
Term
Anti-alcohol regulations in student media advertisements are constitutional.
Definition
Educational Media Co. v. Swecker (2010), 4th Circuit
Term
What Kind of Case Is Libel Usually?
Definition
Civil Tort in State Court
Term
_____% of Lawsuits Against American Media Are about _____
Definition
75% Libel
Term
Neutral Reportage
Definition
Media can report statements that are news within themselves, regardless of the truth of the statement.
Term
Media can report statements that are news within themselves, regardless of the truth of the statement.
Definition
Neutral Reportage
Term
Some States Have a _____ Statute that Lessens a Libel Claim if the Story is _____
Definition
Retraction/Retracted
Term
Survival Statutes
Definition
Only living people can sue for libel since only living people can be harmed.
Term
WV Libel Statute of Limitations
Definition
1 Year
Term
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
Definition
Only the original poster, not the site, of a libelous online post is on the hook for libel, but people who repeat or duplicate the information are considered to have made a separate publication.
Term
Only the original poster, not the site, of a libelous online post is on the hook for libel, but people who repeat or duplicate the information are considered to have made a separate publication.
Definition
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
Term
SLAPP
Definition
strategic lawsuits against public participation
Term
Government Entities _____ Sue for Libel.
Definition
Cannot
Term
Corporations _____ Sue for Libel
Definition
Can
Term
Standard for Defamation
Definition
Lower the accused's reputation with (1) a significant number of (2) right-thinking people (3) reflecting representative views
Term
Lower the accused's reputation with (1) a significant number of (2) right-thinking people (3) reflecting representative views
Definition
Standard for Defamation
Term
Direct Libel
Definition
Prima Facie Harmful
Term
Indirect Libel
Definition
Harmful when Other Information Is Applied
Term
# of People for Small-Group Libel
Definition
Around 12, As Many As 25
Term
Republication Rule
Definition
If you republish libel, you might have libeled (unless you are merely a vendor).
Term
Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps
Definition
The burden of proof in mass media libel suits falls on the plaintiff. Supreme Court, 1986.
Term
The burden of proof in mass media libel suits falls on the plaintiff.
Definition
Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps (1986)
Term
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
Definition
Be careful what is called opinion. Supreme Court, 1990.
Term
Be careful what is called opinion.
Definition
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Term
Ollman v. Evans
Definition
D.C. Circuit: To determine if something is opinion, ask the following questions, collectively called the Ollman test. (1) Can the statement be proven? (2) What is the commonly understood meaning of the language? (3) What is the journalistic context in which the statement is made? (4) What is the political and social context? D.C. Circuit, 1984.
Term
To determine if something is opinion, ask the following questions. (1) Can the statement be proven? (2) What is the commonly understood meaning of the language? (3) What is the journalistic context in which the statement is made? (4) What is the political and social context?
Definition
Ollman v. Evans (1984). D.C. Circuit. Ollman Test.
Term
Ollman Test
Definition
To determine if something is opinion, ask the following questions, per Olman v. Evans (1984, D.C. Cir.). (1) Can the statement be proven? (2) What is the commonly understood meaning of the language? (3) What is the journalistic context in which the statement is made? (4) What is the political and social context?
Term
Things that Are Not Verifiable Factual Statements
Definition
Opinions, Humor, Rhetorical Hyperbole
Term
Opinions, Humor, Rhetorical Hyperbole
Definition
Things that Are Not Verifiable Factual Statements
Term
Libel-Proof
Definition
When someone's reputation is so poor in the public eye that more harm cannot possibly happen
Term
When someone's reputation is so poor in the public eye that more harm cannot possibly happen
Definition
Libel-Proof
Term
The Non-Privileged Rule Also Includes _____
Definition
Privileged Information That Was Not Fairly or Accurately Reported
Term
Concerning Libel, Government Officials Have _____ Privilege.
Definition
Absolute
Term
Concerning Libel, Reporters Have _____ Privilege.
Definition
Qualified
Term
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
Definition
The actual malice standard is required for punitive damages in all libel cases, and public figures are now bundled in with public officials for libel suits. Supreme Court, 1974.
Term
The actual malice standard is required for punitive damages in all libel cases, and public figures are now bundled in with public officials for libel suits.
Definition
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Term
Who Is a Public Figure?
Definition
a. Pretty much all public officials are public figures. b. People whose celebrity grants them access to the press are public figures. c. Limited-purpose public figures (famous only locally; someone famous only for certain subject matter—as long as there was a controversy ahead of time, the person voluntarily entered the controversy, and the involvement seeks to influence public opinion).
Term
For How Long Does Subject-Matter Public Figure Status Last?
Definition
Subject-matter public figure status lasts for life.
Term
For Libel Cases, States Can _____ the Burden of Proof
Definition
Increase
Term
Are journalists' time and deadline matters a consideration for fault?
Definition
Yes
Term
9 Ways to Avoid Being Successfully Sued for Libel
Definition
Get it right. Be very careful. Take your time. Use good, on-the-record sources. Get the other side of the story. Be nice. Be familiar with terminology. Quote privileged info perfectly. Use file images and footage carefully because of identification issues.
Term
Get it right. Be very careful. Take your time. Use good, on-the-record sources. Get the other side of the story. Be nice. Be familiar with terminology. Quote privileged info perfectly. Use file images and footage carefully because of identification issues.
Definition
9 Ways to Avoid Being Successfully Sued for Libel
Term
_____ _____ an absolute defense to libel.
Definition
Truth is
Term
_____ _____ an absolute defense to invasion of privacy.
Definition
Truth is not
Term
Privacy Is Not Explicity Mentioned Where?
Definition
In the Constitution
Term
Griswold v. Connecticut
Definition
Through judicial activism, the Supreme Court determined that the constitution provides for an implicit right to privacy. Supreme Court, 1965.
Term
Through judicial activism, the Supreme Court determined that the constitution provides for an implicit right to privacy.
Definition
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Term
3 Types of Intrusion
Definition
Trespass, Secret Surveillance, Misrepresentation
Term
Trespass, Secret Surveillance, Misrepresentation
Definition
3 Types of Intrusion
Term
When can a private conversation can be recorded legally in West Virginia?
Definition
When at least one party to the conversation knows about the recording
Term
Bartnicki v. Vopper
Definition
Stolen or illegally obtained materials could be aired or printed by the media, without liability attaching, as long as the media did not steal it or encourage it to be stolen. Supreme Court, 2001.
Term
Stolen or illegally obtained materials could be aired or printed by the media, without liability attaching, as long as the media did not steal it or encourage it to be stolen.
Definition
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
Term
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
Definition
Use of public records does not constitute an invasion of privacy. Supreme Court, 1975.
Term
Use of public records does not constitute an invasion of privacy.
Definition
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Term
False-Light Depictions Must Be _____
Definition
highly offensive to a reasonable person
Term
In False-Light Cases, Some States Require An _____ Standard
Definition
Actual Malice
Term
2 Types of False-Light Depictions
Definition
Fictionalized and Contextualized
Term
More Common Type of False-Light Depiction
Definition
Contexualized
Term
Time, Inc. v. Hill
Definition
first media invasion of privacy case at the Supreme Court. 1967.
Term
first media invasion of privacy case at the Supreme Court
Definition
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Term
Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co.
Definition
West Virginia Case in which the Cleveland Plain Dealer Wrote a Story as if They Had Spoken to Mrs. Cantrell, but They Had Not. Contextual False-Light Invasion Case. Supreme Court, 1974.
Term
West Virginia Case in which the Cleveland Plain Dealer Wrote a Story as if They Had Spoken to Woman, but They Had Not. Contextual False-Light Invasion Case.
Definition
Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co. (1974)
Term
Children or Disabled People Cannot _____ with Repsect to Misappropriation
Definition
Consent
Term
Some Court Have Said that Consent _____ with Respect to Misappropriation
Definition
Expires
Term
_____ Ads Do Not Require Consent
Definition
Political
Term
Booth Rule
Definition
Newsworthy names and photos may be used in incidental advertising as long as that person will be used in the dissemination advertised.
Term
Newsworthy names and photos may be used in incidental advertising as long as that person will be used in the dissemination advertised.
Definition
Booth Rule
Term
Right to Privacy v. Right to Publicity
Definition
The former disappears when you die, while the latter does not.
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