The word “spatial” refers to:

-The nature and character of physical space

- human- Earth relationships

- the development of hypotheses for testing and prediction

- the formation of theories encompassing broad general principles

- the application of common sense.

5. Earth, operating as a system, is characterized as

6. According to the text, the three "inorganic" Earth realms are the

- hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere.

7. Earth's circumference was first calculated by

8. The basis of time is the fact that

-Earth revolves on its axis in 24 hours or 15° per hour.

-Coordinated Universal Time

10. Which accurately possesses all of Earth's surface properties of area, shape, direction, proximity, and distance?

-       5 pm Monday

12. Under certain circumstances (especially over warm oceans), increased temperature at Earth's surface will result in increased evaporation and increased cloud formation. In contrast, the increased cloud cover serves to block more sunlight, resulting in a temperature decrease. This is an example of _______.

- a negative feedback loop

13. A remote-sensing system that sends energy at a surface is classified as ______.

- an active system

14.The best type of scale for a map enlarged by photocopying would be

- a graphic scale

15. The main classes of map projection are

- cylindrical, planar, conic, and oval.

16. GIS is used to

- model the spread of diseases like SARS and West Nile Virus

- analyze large amounts of spatial data quickly

- create new data by combining different types of spatial data

- facilitate land use planning

17.  Remote sensing platforms are divided into these categories:

- active and passive systems

18. The equator and the Tropic of Capricorn are

- parallels of latitude

19. The _______ passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England.

- The prime meridian

20. Outputs from a system that influence the behavior of that system are called 

-positive and negative feedback.

1. Our planet and our lives are powered by

-radiant energy from the star closest to Earth.

3. The Sun produces

-streams of charged particles and radiant energy.

- the interaction of solar wind and atmospheric gases.

5. Intercepted solar radiation is called

6. The solar wind

- can only be studied outside Earth's atmosphere, like from the lunar surface.

7. The Sun emits radiant energy that is composed of

- mainly visible and IR energy.

8. Changes in "daylength" and the Sun's "altitude" represent

- the concept of seasonality.

9. The Sun's declination refers to

-the angular distance from the equator to the point where direct overhead insolation is received, the subsolar point.

10. The Tropic of Capricorn refers to

- the parallel that is 23.5° south latitude.

11. On June 21st, the Sun's declination is at

-the Tropic of Cancer.

12. Lewis Thomas, in his book "The Lives of the Cell", compared Earth's atmosphere with a/an

- membrane of a cell

13. On the basis of "composition," the atmosphere is divided into

-two broad regions.

14. The region of the atmosphere so evenly mixed that it behaves as if it were a single gas is

- the homosphere.

15. Which list of gases correctly lists them from most to least in terms of their percentage within the homosphere?

- Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and trace gases.

16. Recent measurements of increased levels of ultraviolet light at Earth's surface:

- are related to a rate of skin cancer that is rising at 10% per year.

17.  Relative to lapse rates in the troposphere

- the "environmental" lapse rate refers to the actual lapse rate at any particular time and may vary greatly from the normal lapse rate.

18. PAN in the lower troposphere:

- damages and kills plant tissue, a photochemical product.

19. Industrial smog is

- principally associated with coal-burning industries.

20. The oxides of sulfur and nitrogen

- are produced by industry and transportation

-lead to the formation of airborne sulfuric and nitric acid

- from acids that are deposited in both dry and wet forms.

1. Shortwave and longwave energy passes through the atmosphere or water by

-       transmission.

2. The insolation received at Earth's surface is

- greatest over low-latitude deserts with their cloudless skies.

3. Infrared energy is mainly absorbed in the “greenhouse effect” by these two gases

-water vapor and carbon dioxide.

4. The reflective quality of a surface is known as its

- albedo.

5. Which of the following has the lowest albedo?

- the Moon

-absorption.

7. Daily temperatures usually

- reach a high that lags several hours after noon.

8. The energy transferred from the air to surface and surface to air is

- turbulent sensible heat transfer

9. Temperature is a measure of

-sensible heat.

10. Relative to latitude and surface energy receipts, which of the following is true?

- Insolation intensity decreases with distance from the subsolar point.

11. Relative to temperatures, clouds generally

- are moderating influences in the atmosphere, acting like insulation.

- indicate maritime influences.

13. The July mean temperature map shows that

-the thermal equator is north of the equator.

14. Our individual perception of temperature is termed

- apparent temperature.

- artificial surfaces

-lower albedo values

-irregualr geometric shapes and angles

-human occupation and energy conversion systems

-relative humidity

17. Which of the following is true regarding the albedo of water?

-It is highest as ice or snow.

18. Solar cookers could help replace ____ as a source of energy in rural villages in less developed countries

-fire wood

19. Which of the following statements is true regarding solar energy?

Solar power can be used to heat water and generate electricity.

1. Normal sea-level pressure has a value of

- 1013.2 mb or 760 mm of mercury.

2. The horizontal motion of air relative to Earth's surface is

- wind

-It decreases with height above the surface.

4. The combined effect of the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force in the upper atmosphere produces

-geostrophic winds.

5. Between 20° and 35° north and 20° and 35° south latitudes, you find

- arid and semiarid desert regions.

6. The east side of subtropical high-pressure cells (off continental west coasts) tend to be

- dry, stable, and warm.

7. Land-sea breezes are caused by 

- onshore (toward the land) airflows which develop in the afternoon as the land heats faster than the water surfaces.

- regional wind systems that change direction seasonally.

9. Which of the following statements is true?

-The normal range for atmospheric pressure is from 1050 to 980 mb.

10. The pressure gradient force

- initiates air flow and causes winds.

11.  If Earth did not rotate air would flow

- straight across isobars.

12.  From which direction do the prevailing winds come in the midlatitudes?

- West

13. In the Northern Hemisphere from which direction do the trade winds come?

-the north-east

14. Which of the following accurately describes air flow in a Northern Hemisphere low pressure cell?

- converging counterclockwise and ascending

- a river of air flowing up to 300 kmh at elevations between 7000 and 10700 m.

16. Rossby waves are

- related to the movement of the polar front.

17. Land-sea breezes

- are driven by the difference between heating characteristics of land and water surfaces.

18.  Which of the following is accurately describes the patterns of oceanic surface currents?

- In the Northern Hemisphere they move clockwise with high-pressure cells.

19. Which of the following statements accurately describes installed wind power?

- Total world wind power capacity has been doubling every 3 years.

- North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas could provide all of the electricity the U.S. needs.

1.  Water covers approximately what percentage of Earth’s surface?

-71%

2. According to the text, the present quantity of water on Earth, functioning in the hydrologic cycle, was achieved approximately _______.

- two billion years ago

3. If you were to take 1 g of ice at 0°C to water vapor at 100°C, how many calories would you need to add?

- 720 cal.

4. The major portion of freshwater today is located in

- ice sheets and glaciers.

- the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature and pressure, expressed as a percentage of the moisture capacity of the air.

6.  The measure of humidity given as grams of water per kilogram of air is called

- specific humidity.

7. Clouds that have strong vertical development and produce precipitation are called

- cumulonimbus.

8. Assume that a warm air bubble, or parcel, near Earth’s surface has a temperature of 25°C and begins to rise. Assume that the parcel of air contains 13 mb vapor pressure. At what altitude will the lifting mass of air become saturated? (Use the saturation vapor pressure graph in Figure 5.7, p. 148, and a DAR of 1C° per 100 m.).

- 1500 m

10.  Maritime tropical Pacific (mT) air and maritime tropical Gulf and Atlantic (mT) air

- are different from one another, since they occur over cool and warm ocean surfaces, respectively.

11. This cloud type is specifically a good indicator of an arriving storm, say within the next 24 h.

- cirrus

12. The wettest average annual place on Earth is located

- in Hawaii in the United States

13. With respect to the three main lifting (cooling) mechanisms — local heating, orographic, and frontal — which of the following is correct?

- Given the necessary physical requirements, orographic precipitation is usually the most consistent type of the three.

14. Tornado development is associated with

-mesocyclone circulation.

15. Afternoon thundershowers in the southeastern United States are more than likely a result of

- convectional lifting.

16. The largest and most powerful storms on Earth are

-  tropical cyclones.

17. The strongest winds in a tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere are in the

- right-front quadrant.

18. Which of the following occurred during the 2005 hurricane season?

- 3 category 5 storms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico at the same time

- the 27 Atlantic basin tropical storms set a new record for most named tropical storms in a single year

- hurricane Wilma set a new record for lowest Atlantic basin hurricane air pressure

19. Occlusion occurs in a wave cyclone

-because the cold front travels faster than the warm front.

20. Which of the following is correct?

- If the ELR is greater than the DAR, the atmosphere is unstable.

1. Most of the precipitation and evaporation on Earth takes place over the

-oceans and seas

2. Relative to the hydrologic cycle, the following is true:

- the bulk of the precipitation occurs over the oceans.

3. Potential evapotranspiration refers to

- the amount of water that would evaporate or transpire if it were available.

4. Precipitation is generally measured with

- a specially constructed rain gauge spread over 100,000 places worldwide.

5. Actual evapotranspiration (ACTET) is calculated by

- POTET – DEFIC.

6. Water retention on the surface is a form of

-surplus

7. The soil moisture that plants access and utilize is called

- available water

8.  The largest potential source of freshwater accessible in North America is

- groundwater.

9. A water-bearing rock strata is called

- an aquifer 

10. The upper limit of groundwater that is available for utilization at the surface is called

- the water table.

11. Which of the following is true about Aquifers?

- Their capacity is reduced by the groundwater mining

12. Which of the following is not a consequence of groundwater mining?

- artesian wells

13.  The largest use of withdrawn water in the U.S. is

- steam-electric power.

14. Typically, developing countries use water

- mainly for agriculture.

15.  Which of the following is a consumptive use of water?

- water that evaporates from a field

16. Which of the following countries is experiencing the greatest water scarcity?

- India 

17. Which of the following is true of the Colorado River?

- The system is roughly 9 million acre-feet in deficit from meeting budgeted demand, based on the 1990-2006 average flows.

18. The High Plains aquifer

- received much of its water from melting glaciers.

18. The High Plains aquifer

- received much of its water from melting glaciers.

19. The region along the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge is called

- “Cancer Alley”

20. Which of the following is true regarding our water supply?

-Over 2.4 billion people lack sanitary facilities

- Water availability per person is projected to drop by 74% in the next 50 years.

- over 1.1 Billion people lack safe drinking water

1. An area that contains characteristic weather patterns is called a/an

- climatic region

2. An empirical classification of climate is partially based on

- mean annual temperature and precipitation.

3. Relative to tropical climates, which of the following is true?

- Average annual temperatures are warmer than 18ºC (64.4ºF).

4. Relative to the Mediterranean climate, which of the following is FALSE?

- Its warmest summer month averages below 22ºC (71.6ºF).

5. The coldest climate on Earth, outside of the polar regions, is the

- subarctic

6. Relative to an Ice Cap climate, which of the following is correct?

-Its warmest month is below freezing at 0ºC (32ºF).

7.  If precipitation is more than half the natural moisture demand, but not equal to it, the climate is considered a/an

-semiarid steppe.

- tropical climates.

9. Which of the following has the most extreme Subarctic climate?

-Verkhoyansk, Siberia, Russia

10. According to the IPCC assessment, temperatures forecasts for mid-century will be

- between 1.1 Cº and 6.4 Cº higher.

11.  Relative to future temperatures,

- human society appears to be causing short-term changes in global temperatures and temperature patterns.

12. The warmest years in the history of weather instruments were

-recorded since 1990.

13.  The two main categories for classifying climate are 

- genetic and empirical.

14. According to Jack Williams, by the end of the 21st century, the Earth might experience

-large areas with new climates that do not exist now.

15. The climate classification system presented in the text is

- a combination of empirical and genetic systems.

16. Which climate has a dry season that lasts from 6 to 12 months?

-tropical monsoon

17. Which climate type has the greatest annual range in temperature?

- subarctic

18. The present concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is

- higher than any time in the last 800,000 years.

19. Which of the following is true regarding the economic costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions?

-The Department of Energy estimated the savings at between $7 and $34 billion

- A California government study showed that a 30% reduction in emissions would save each household $500 a year.

- The IPCC has declared that "no regrets" opportunities are available to most countries.

20. Which of the following is true regarding climate?

-Climate includes both the averages and extremes