Term
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Definition
Systematic study of human societies |
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Definition
| Set od expectations- rights, obligations, behaviors, duties- associated with a particular status. |
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Definition
| Large, complex network of positions created for a specific purpose and characterized by a hierarchical division of labor |
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Definition
| Social position acquired at birth or taken on involuntarilty later in life. |
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Definition
| Collection of individuals who are together for a relatively long period, whose members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another. |
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| Any named social position that people can occupy. |
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Definition
| Set of people who interact more or less regularly and who are conscious of their identity as a unit. |
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Definition
| Social position acquired through our own efforts or accomplishments or taken on voluntarily. |
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Definition
| Relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task. |
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Definition
| Language, values, beliefs, rules, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a society. |
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Definition
| Situations in which people lack the necessary resources to fulfill the demands of a particular role. |
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Definition
| Frustration people feel when the demands of one role they are expected to fulfill clash with the demands of another role. |
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Definition
| Unquestioned cultural belief that cannot be proved wrong no matter what happens to dispute it. |
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Definition
| Variable presumed to cause or influence the dependent variable. |
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Definition
| Set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predicr a particular aspect of social life. |
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Definition
| Type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually occur. |
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Definition
| Assumption or prediction that in itself causes the expected event to occur, thus seeming to confirm the prophecy's accuracy. |
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Definition
| Capable only of identifying those forces that have a high likelihood, but not a certainty, of influencing human action. |
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Definition
| Researchable prediction that specifies the relationship between two or more variables. |
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Definition
| Form of field research in which the researcher interacts with subjects, sometimes hiding his or her identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind. |
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Definition
| Any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that can take on two or more values or attributes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable that is assumed to be caused by, or to change as a result of, the independent variable. |
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Definition
| Subgroup chosen for a study because its characteristics approximate those of the entire population. |
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Definition
| Research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted under closely controlled laboratory circumstances. |
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Term
| Nonparticipant Observation |
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Definition
| Form of field research in which the researcher observes people without directly interacting with them and without letting them know that they are being observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of unobtrusive research that studies the content of recorded messages, such as books, speeches, poems, songs, television shows, web sites, and advertisements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shred by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to judge other cultures using one's own standard. |
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Definition
| Pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in a society. |
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Definition
| Artifacts of a society that represent adaptations to the social and physical environment. |
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Definition
| Informal norm that is mildly punished when violated. |
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Definition
| Highly codified, formal, systematized norms that bring severe punishment when violated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to when sick. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particuar culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one's own behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for a appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life. |
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Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Definition
| Process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Various individuals, groups, and organizations who influence the socialization process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of social interaction as theater, in which people ("actors") project images ("play roles") in front of others ("the audience"). |
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Term
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Definition
| Assertion designed to forestall and complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all team members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior. |
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Definition
| Deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage outside one's social group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of being married to only one person at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage within one's social group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Family unit consisting of the parent-child nuclear family and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual group that some people in society find offensive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in deviant acts if they judge the cost of such an act to outweigh its benefits. |
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Term
| Medicalization of Deviance |
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Definition
| Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Man can have more than one wife. |
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Term
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Definition
| Woman can have more than one husband. |
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Term
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Definition
| New couple establishes their own residence. |
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Term
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Definition
| New couple lives with or near husbands family. |
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Term
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Definition
| New couple lives with or near the wife's family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Husband holds the most authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wife holds the most authority. |
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Term
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Definition
Power is shared.
Equality in the Marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to people on both sides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Desent and inheritance move through man's family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Desent and inheritance move through woman's family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstrated desent (they can say how they are related to a certian ancestor). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stipulated desent (I am Bill of the Bear Clan son of Mary of the Bear Clan). |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple husbands and multipe wives. |
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Term
| What are the three types of suicide and what causes each according to Durkheim? |
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Definition
- Alturistic
- Too much social intergration
- People become overly committed
- Egoistic
- Too little social intergration
- Anomic
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Term
| What did Comte state were the two major aspects of society to be understood? |
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Definition
Social Statics- stability
Social Dynamics- Change |
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Term
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Definition
Prison Study
Students divided into two different gruops (guards and prisoners)
Guards started to mistreat the prisoners
Had to stop research |
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Term
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Definition
Bystander Apathy
Woman came home and was attacked being stabbed repeatedly until dead
no one provided any help or called for help even though their windows were open and they were home
Many people said I was sure someone else had made the call
Diluted sence of responsibility
Look to others for cues |
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Term
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Definition
Group of people shown two cards of the same shape/size
[image]
Which one matched
Several of the members of the groups worked for the tester
chose and argued for one line (often wrong) |
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Term
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Definition
Research on Natzi's
only following orders
15% have an authoritarian personality (would follow any order from authority)
Wanted to see if this could happen in America
Researcher, tester (subject), subject (actor working for researcher)
Were people willing to listen to the researcher and continue shocking the subject even when they are asking to stop |
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Term
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Definition
Also known as Bystander Apathy
When bystanders do not offer assistance to someone in need when others are present. |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study of human society and social relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human community. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the social position which is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social structure is the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society. Social structures are not immediately visible to the untrained observer, however they are present and affect all dimensions of human experience in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication is looking at someones past work, and replicating it. You take their work, go through the steps and try to come to the same results. If replicated enough with similar results things become accept in the world of science. But if we try to do the work and we all get different results then its not an acceptable method |
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Term
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Definition
| A questionnaire or interview. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables. A strong, or high, correlation means that two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other while a weak, or low, correlation means that the variables are hardly related. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. |
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Term
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Definition
Proscriptive norms provide guidance on what is unacceptable behavior.
Examples would be law enforcement and school rules. |
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Term
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Definition
Inform individuals of what they should do in a society.
To prevent crime in an area people should lock their windows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, beautiful, good or bad that serve as broad guidelines for social life. |
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Term
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Definition
| the enforcement of conformity by society upon its members, either by law or by social pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| What society claims they do and believe in. |
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Term
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Definition
| A culturally based tendency to value other cultures more highly than one’s own. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ideas, viewpoints and attitudes of the particular group of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way people actually behave. |
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Term
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Definition
| The socialization that takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristics of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which a younger person teaches an older person. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of years a newborn in a particular society can expect to live. |
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Term
| Developmental Socialization |
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Definition
| New learning is added to and blended with old in a relatively smooth and continuous process of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviant behavior that results from being publicly labeled as deviant and treated as an outsider. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social condition in which there is a lack of cohesion and order, especially in relation to norms and values. The concept, thought of as “normlessness.” |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept of people being 'marked' as different, specifically in a negative manner, based on some characteristic that separates them from the rest of the society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labeling theory is based on the idea that behaviors are deviant only when society labels them as deviant. As such, conforming members of society, who interpret certain behaviors as deviant and then attach this label to individuals, determine the distinction between deviance and non-deviance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory states that behavior is caused not by outside stimuli, but by what a person wants most at any given time. According to control theory, weak social systems result in deviant behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that does not conform to the social norms, but the behavior might be temporary, fleeting, exploratory, trivial, or especially, concealed from most others. The person who commits the deviant act does not see him/herself as deviant; put differently, it is not internalized as a part of the person's self concept |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals, groups, or roles that play a part in instilling social norms in members and protecting and perpetuating those norms through the use of their powers and sanctions. |
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Term
| What are the three major theoretical perspectives? |
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Definition
- Structural-functionalist
- Conflict
- Symbolic interactionist
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Term
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Definition
Manifest and latent functions
Dysfunctions
Social stability
Social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society |
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Term
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Definition
Power
Inequality
Conflict
Dominance
The various institutions in society promote inequality and conflict among groups of people. |
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Term
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Definition
Symbolic communication
Social interaction
Subjective meaning
Society is structured and maintained through everyday interactions and people's subjective definitions of their worlds. |
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Term
| What is the Sociological imagination and with whom is it associated? |
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Definition
Ability to see the impact of social forces on our private lives.
C. Wright Mills |
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Term
| Name and describe the four major research modes used in Sociology. |
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Definition
Experiment- Research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted under closely controlled laboratory circumstances.
Field Research-Type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually occur.
Surveys-A questionnaire or interview.
Unobtrusivve Reasearch-Research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind. |
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Term
| What is the difference between deductive and inductive research? |
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Definition
Deductive- Create hypotheisis (tentative statement), collect data, use data to support or change what theory is.
Inductive- Start with observation, collect data, no good discription of what is out there. |
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Term
| What ethical questions were raised by Laud Humphrey's research? |
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Definition
| Although this information shed a great deal of light onthe nature of anonymous homosexual acts, some critics argued that Humphreys had violated the ethics of research by deceiving his unsuspecting subjects and violating their privacy. Some critics also noted that Humphreys might have been sued for invasion of privacy if he had not been studying a group of people rendered powerless by their potential embarrassment. |
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Term
| Describe Cooley's idea of the looking glass self and how it develops in 3 stages. |
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Definition
Imagine our appearance to others
observe others reactions to us
Develop our concept of self based on our interpretation of others reactions to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large hierarchical orginization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified work tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without any personal cost or contribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy from those at the top, where there is a great deal of power and authority, to those at the bottom, where there is very little power and authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subdivision of low-level jobs into small, highly specific tasks requiring less skilled employees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which people acting individually and in their own self-interest use up commonly availble (but limited) resources, creating disaster for the entire community. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potential for a society's long-term ruin because of individuals' tendency to pursue their own short-term interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristic of most bureascracies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Framework of society- social institutions, organizations, and institutionalized norms- that adds order and predictability to our private lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across strata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of people or groups from one class to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals' economic position compared with the living standards of the majority in the society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect his or her interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence. |
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Term
| Estate System (Feudal System) |
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Definition
| Stratification system in which high-status groups own land and have have power based on noble birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one's directives or commands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respect and honor given to some people in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line (see working poor). |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Employed people who consistently earn wages but do not make enough to survive (see also near-poor). |
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Term
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Definition
| Rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a different group based on a social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, or gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, or sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of community derived from the cultural heritage shared by category of people with common ancestry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and value to men than to women. |
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Term
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Definition
| System of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and justifies gender-based inequality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Population's balance of old ond young people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of populations from one geographic area to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of people who were born during the same era and who face similar societal circumstances brought about by their shared position in the overall age structure of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon in which a historical event or major social trend contributes to the unique shape and outlook of a birth cohort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon in which members of a birth cohort tend to experience a particular life course event or rite of passage-puberty. marriage, childbearing, graduation, entry into the workforce, death-at roughly the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sociologist who studies trends in population characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective action that seeks to change limited aspects of a society but does not seek to alter or replace major social institutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Society in which knowledge, the control of information, and service industries are more important elements of the economy than agriculture or manufacturing and production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse, change in some area of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coherent system of beliefs, values, and ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which beliefs, technology, customs, and other elements of culture spread from one group or society to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which rapid change has disrupted society's ability to adequately regulate and control its members and the old rules that governed people's lives no longer seem to apply. |
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Term
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Definition
| a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that stays the same, does not change over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of consolidating and embedding one's own beliefs, attitudes, and values when it comes to moral behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors and cues within a society orgroup. This sociological term has been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| one that is of equal standing with another : equal;especially : one belonging to the same societal group especially based on age, grade, or status |
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Term
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Definition
| A tactic for persuading people by forcing them in a social role, so that they will be inclined to behave according to that role. |
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Term
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Definition
| any behavior that indicates to others the acceptance of a particular definition of the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process though which the desire for consensus in groups can lead to poor decisions. Rather than object to poor decisions and risk losing a sense of group solidarity, members may remain silent and thereby lend their support. |
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Term
| What are the major components of society? |
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Definition
| Symbols, language, values and beliefs, norms, material culture and technology are the five basic components of culture. |
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Term
| . What are the three levels of social movements? |
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Definition
| Reform movement, counter movement, revolutionary movement. |
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Term
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Definition
collective action that seeks to change limited aspects of a society but does not seek to alter or replace major social institutions.
U.S. Civil Rights movement |
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Term
|
Definition
Collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement.
Right to life |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another. |
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Term
What are the four stages social movements commonly go through? |
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Definition
| Agitation, Legitimation, Bureaucratization, Reemergence. |
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Term
| What are the three levels of social movements? |
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Definition
| General social movement, Specific social movement, Social movement organizations. |
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Term
|
Definition
Broad but realativly unorginized social movement currents in history that can span nations and generations.
Abolition |
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Term
| Specific Social Movements |
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Definition
Smaller and more organized social movements the coalest out of a general socialmovement.
American Abolition Movement |
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Term
| Social Movement Organizations |
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Definition
Actual complex formal organizations that attempt to achieve social movement goals.
NAACP
SCLC
SNCC
CORE |
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Term
| What are some major sources of social change from the text and lectures? |
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Definition
| Population, technology, environment, culture (invention, discovery, diffusion), people (social movements, groups, actors). |
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Term
What did Margaret Mead’s research discussed in class show about gender in New Guinea?
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Definition
| Mead found a different pattern of male and female behavior in each of the cultures she studied, all different from gender role expectations in the United States at that time. She found among the Arapesh a temperament for both males and females that was gentle, responsive, and cooperative. Among the Mundugumor (now Biwat), both males and females were violent and aggressive, seeking power and position. For the Tchambuli (now Chambri), male and female temperaments were distinct from each other, the woman being dominant, impersonal, and managerial and the male less responsible and more emotionally dependent. |
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Term
What did the work with the human relations area files (HRAF) show about the division of labor by gender? |
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Definition
60% of preindustrial culture women usually carried heavy objects
In only 13% where these tasks exclusively male
Any task done specifically by one sex in one culture was done by the other sex in another culture
6% women built houses
11% women were lumber jacks
13% women were miners |
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Term
| What are the patterns of race and ethnic relations? |
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Definition
| Assimilation, Amulgumation, Multi culturalism, Legal protection, Continued Subjugation, Population transfer, Genocide |
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Term
According to Wirth, what are the characteristics of minority groups? |
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Definition
| Suffer Disadvantages, Socially visible, Strong Sence of Oneness, Ascribed Status, Endogamy |
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Term
Who came up with the influential measures of stereotypes and social distance respectively? |
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Definition
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Term
Draw the Gilbert Kahl model of the American class structure labeling the classes and indicating the relative percentage for each. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the dysfunctions of bureaucracies? |
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Definition
| Inefficiency in unusual cases, Trained Incapacity, Bureaucratic Enlargement |
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Term
Describe neutralization theory in detail including the techniques of neutralization. Be able to apply the techniques of neutralization to the case example of cheating in college. |
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Definition
Sykes and Matza
Against subculture theory (areas of devience have on social norms/values)
Delinquents often showed guilt or shame over the breaking of values or norms
When asked who their heros were they showed respect to respectable (nondevient) persons
Distinguished between apropriate and unapropriate targets of devience
Much deviency is related to unrealized justification of the act
Techniques of Neutralization
Denial of responcibilty
Denial of victim
Denial of injury
Condemnation of condemers |
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Term
Describe labeling theory and the mechanism by which societal reaction is believed to influence secondary deviance. Use the Liska diagram from the lecture. |
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Definition
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