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| ideas or concepts that exist outside of one's self; not intuitive; not relative |
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| up to one's own desires or tastes |
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| Wrote Scandal of the Evangelical Mind |
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| Why is philosophy important to Christians? |
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| The Gospel is almost never heard in isolation--everyone brings their worldview to the conversation; false ideas are the greatest obstacle to promoting the Gospel |
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| Reasons not to study philosophy? |
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| secular, hard, not a career, hard quesitons, wast of time, Colossians 2:8, noetic effect of sin |
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| contains a person's answers to the important questions of life; conceptual framework |
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| things you would live and die for |
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| five central worldview points |
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God
metaphysics
epistemology
ethics
culture
anthropology |
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| assumptions brought in beforehand; biases |
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| pieces of the worldview; habitual way of thinking |
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| change in the habitual way of thinking |
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| examples of paradigm shift |
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| evolution, DNA, technology, Industrial Revolution, airplanes, abolition of slavery, atom bomb |
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| four tests to evaluate a worldview |
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Test of Reason
Test of Outer Experience
Test of Inner Experience
Test of Practice |
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| relevant to outer world as it is |
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| relevant to what we know about ourselves |
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| believes that the physical universe is all that there is; closed system |
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| major implications of naturalism |
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God can't intervene
damns Christianity |
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| atomos: smallest particle; chaos, no order, no choice |
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| brought in order, free choice; atoms falling, have the ability to swerve |
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| Metaphysical Naturalist Basic Beliefs |
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only nature exists
nature is a materialistic system
no outside interference
nature characterized by total uniformity
deterministic system |
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| all human knowledge derived from sense experience |
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| accusations brought against Socrates in Apology |
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corruption of the Athenian youth through philosophy
impiety toward the gods
argued he was a sophist |
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| philosophers who twist wisdom for trickery; intellectual mercenary |
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| philosophies Plato fought against |
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| hedonism, empiricism, relativism, materialism, mechanism, atheism, naturalism |
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| study of ultimate reality |
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| the study of the origin, validity, and structure of knowledge |
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| metaphysical, epistemological, and anthropological |
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| eternal, unchangeable, universal essence |
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distinction between two worlds
imperfect, lower world of particulars v. perfect, nonmaterial world of the Forms |
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sense experience v. reason
true knowledge only through reason |
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body and soul
soul=immaterial |
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| knowledge independent of sense experience |
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| wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice |
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| virtue of the entire person when the other virtues are present |
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| formal cause, material cause, efficient cause, and final cause |
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| set of essential properties without which the thing could not be the kind of thing it is |
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| the stuff of which a thing is made |
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| activity that brought a thing into existence |
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| purpose for which a thing exists; teleology |
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| substance, quality, quantity, place, relation, time, posture, state, action, passion |
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| change with regard to place |
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| change with regard to quality |
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| change with regard to quantity |
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| final form of anything if a thing reaches its perfect purpose |
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| particular thing, can change, cannot be in other things, has causal power |
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| universal, cannot change, is in other things, does not have causal power, cannot exist on its own |
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| receives information from senses |
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| interprets the information |
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| grammar, logic, and rhetoric |
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| arithmetic, astronomy,music, geometry |
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| If A did not exist, then B would not exist |
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| If A exists, then B will also exist |
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| philosophy can be used with faith to |
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demonstrate the preambles of faith
make known certain likenesses that belong to faith
oppose what is said against faith either by showing these things as false or unnecessary |
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| Aquinas' Arguments for the Existence of God |
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argument from motion
argument from cause and effect to a first cause
argument from contingent beings to a necessary being
argument from degrees of perfection to a perfect being
argument from design in the world to a designer |
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| can only use analogical language about God |
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| cardinal virtues (Aquinas) |
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| temperance, justice, prudence, and goodness |
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| applies to men; written on our hearts |
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| result of human efforts to govern themselves; attempt of human reason to formulate practical laws based on natural law |
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| God's eternal law communicated to humans through special revelation |
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