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| the process of taking into account the interests of others (often constituents) and fighting for those interests in the policy making process |
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| individuals with unchangeable common characteristics, such as race, gender, and age. Often, such characteristics result in common political interests, although not all members of the group are aware of them |
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| a set of expectations associated with a particular position |
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| subsume their own views and follow the instructions of their most vocal constituents |
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| the individual services done by members of Congress to help solve problems that constituents bring to them |
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| legislation favoring the districts of particular members of Congress by guaranteeing them public works projects such as roads, dams, harbors, defense contracts, and other government programs |
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| the cooperation among politicians as they attempt to build a coalition by trading favors |
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| the right of legislators to send out official mail at no cost |
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| the perquisites (benefits) of holding office. (members-only stores, barbershops, etc.) |
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| "you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" |
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| catchall legislation that includes provisions on a variety of issues patched together often near the end of a congressional session, and passed as one measure |
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| Courtesy, Reciprocity, Reliability, and Institutional loyalty (CRRI) |
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| watchdog over the bureaucracy |
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| coalition builder/intermediary between groups competing for government attention |
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| the process of drawing constituency boundaries for legislative districts |
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| individuals with a common set of needs or outlooks based on their race, occupation, ideology or some other characteristic correlated with geographical location |
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| the process of designing legislative districts for partisan or group advantage |
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| a system of government where powers are clearly divided between the levels (local, state, and national) of government |
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| proportional representation |
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| a system of electing representatives from lists nominated by parties in which more than one representative is selected from each district. The relative percentage of votes received for each party determines the number of representatives for that party |
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| single-member-district system |
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| a process of distributing seats for a particular legislative body so that each geographic district has one, and only one, elected official representing it. The U.S. House and most state legislatures use this system. The U.S. senate assigns two senators to each state, but they are not. Thus when senators run for election, it is like a single-member district |
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| the allocation of legislative seats to each state after a census |
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| concentrating opposition voters into one or a few districts, guaranteeing them a wasteful margin of victory and allowing your group just enough votes to comfortably win in a majority of districts. |
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| dividing up a potentially cohesive group and spreading their votes across a number of districts |
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| a derisive term used to describe opportunist politicians moving into an electoral district to which they have no previous ties and running for office |
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| money raised by political parties from PAC's and individuals in unlimited amounts for use in "election-related activities" |
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| contributions individuals or organizations give directly to candidates to run their campaigns |
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| all individuals to join together to spend unlimited funds promoting cause or candidate as long as they do not coordinate efforts with candidate |
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| the abandonment of a straight party-line vote in favor of picking and choosing among candidates of different parties. (Obama/Palin; Rep/Dem ticket together) |
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| the ability of a candidates on top of the party ticket to affect races at lower levels either by changing the composition of who decides to vote or by directly encouraging voters |
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| Rep Whip minority in Senate |
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| Democratic Majority leader of the House |
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| Minority leader of the House |
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| C-Cable, S-Satellite, P-Public, A-Affairs, N-Network |
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| Official record of the House |
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| Printed Record is the official, not the live video feed |
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| only office that has to be elected |
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Definition
| The House of Representatives |
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| New V.P. must be approved by the House and Senate |
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| Divide up government budget. (actually about 1/3 of the 3.5 trillion dollars |
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| Official officers of Senate |
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| The V.P. and pro tempore (symbolic position) |
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| Senator from Texas who became majority leader then V.P. and then President |
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| 435 + 5 members non-voting only depositors. Bank cashed any check whether there was money there or not. House restaurant, etc. |
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| the integrity was at state so they wanted to raise hell. 27th amendment passes in 1992 drafted by James Madison passed in 1789. |
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| Amount of money a member of congress can give a candidate |
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| there to work (takes things seriously and do homework and committee meetings) |
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| there for the cameras (Obama) |
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| The key to getting things done in Congress |
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| Negotiation and Compromise |
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| have money to run for election |
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| race, gender, age, religion- because they represent the mix of the district |
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| race, gender, age, religion- because they represent the mix of the district |
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| social rules and norms that apply in Congress |
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| When elected to Congress you want to be liked and fit in with the rest |
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| the man who bought West Virginia |
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| violated rights of non-black voters; redrawing of the district lines |
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| can the candidate actually win? |
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| First woman elected to Congress |
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| Women get to vote federally |
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| 1st state women right to vote |
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| a party leader with the responsibility of assessing member preference(intelligence gathering), presenting party positions (persuading), and getting supporters of the party position to the floor for voting (activating). The term comes from the rider in a fox hunt charged with keeping the dogs in line. |
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| a two house legislative system. Used in 49 of the 50 states |
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| when on or both houses of Congress is controlled by one party, and the presidency is controlled by the other. |
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| defined by Madison in federalist #10 as groups of people "adverse to the rights of other citizens or the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." |
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| historical development of Congress as an institution |
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| a theory of representation holding that the duty of the representative is to replicate the opinions of his or her constituents as accurately as possible |
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| the widely held expectation that members of the same party in Congress will work closely together |
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| the practice of awarding senior members greater positions of power on committees, subcommittees, and in each chamber as a whole |
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| the committees in each chamber that receive legislation before it can be brought to the chamber's floor |
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| subdivisions of House and Senate standing committees that examine and develop legislation in detail |
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| a theory of representation holding that the duty of the representative is to use his or her best judgment regardless of constituency wishes |
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| a situation in which a government operates without constitutional restraint in a fashion that destroys citizen's liberties |
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| a meeting of party members to elect leaders and or plan strategy |
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| a rarely used mechanism in the House allowing a majority of members (218) to force action on legislation not released yet by a committee |
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| the final meeting of a committee on a bill where the proposed legislation is gone over line by line before approval of the final version |
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| a government officials deliberate disclosure of secret information to embarrass others or promote a particular policy |
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| the room in a publication or news program for particular kinds of stories. Newspapers get more room for news. Larger news programs like CNN and Fox News get larger room |
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| a defensive strategy by journalists of comparing their coverage with that of competing media and bringing their coverage into line |
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| What are various groups that impact how Congress vote? |
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Definition
| Black caucus, Prayer once a week group, Regional interests group |
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| CEO of Goldman Saks; Governor of NJ |
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| the representative will follow his district's opinion |
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| How many House Representatives actually decide vote on floor? Of the 435 how many are actually going swing? |
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| It only takes about 40-45 to change a vote on average |
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| Exam quote about Representatives |
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| "your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion." |
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| sometimes hard votes sometimes soft votes |
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| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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| Gave President unlimited power |
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| required approval of Congress to send troops to war |
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| preconceived plans with an ultimate goal of winning |
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| ways of going about to accomplish the strategy or "losing the battle but winning the war" |
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| Things covered by both the House and Senate |
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| Taxes; Postal Service; Coin Money; maintaining army and navy |
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| Things covered just in the Senate |
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Definition
| advising and consenting treaties; all Presidential nominations must be approved |
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| U.S. term limits v. Thorton |
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Definition
| if any state or local government votes for term limits it is legal/constitutional; however federal government cannot force term limits |
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| Feasible; Availability; Resources; Motivation |
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| The regular evaluation of a legislature's work by the citizenry. |
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| An evolution of any sort, whether planned or unplanned. |
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| An authority currently wielded by forty-three governors that allows a chief executive to veto parts of bills. Congress granted the president a form of line-item veto, enhanced recission authority, but the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional in 1998. |
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| A strategic tenet holding that proposed reforms that are too large or too small seldom get enacted. |
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