Term
|
Definition
| part of test group that does not change |
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Term
|
Definition
| looking at the world without preconceptions to see things in a new way |
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Term
|
Definition
| owners; the employers of wage labor; modern capitalists |
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Term
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Definition
| method for researchers to identify and study sepecific variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| in an experiment; the process of regulating all factors except independent variable |
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Term
|
Definition
| guidelines for reserachers to consult as they design a project |
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Term
|
Definition
| entire way of life for a group of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| understanding other cultures without judging according to ones own culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| economic system based on private ownership of the means of production |
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Term
|
Definition
| political system based on the collective ownership of the means of production |
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Term
|
Definition
| competition between different class groups for scarce resources; source of all social change; Karl Marx |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorientation when entered into a new social or cultural environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| relationship between variables in which a change in one directly changes the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently |
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Term
|
Definition
| the opinion of a researcher that could effect the research or analysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a place to rehearse for a performance |
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Term
|
Definition
| search for knowledge with no intent to use the knowledge for change |
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Term
|
Definition
| opposition to existing arrangements in dialectical model |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of everyone involved in the creation distribution and consumptino of any cultural product |
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Term
|
Definition
| legitimate right to power |
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Term
|
Definition
| description of feelings and reactions of the ethnographer |
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Term
|
Definition
| social groups, institutions, individuals that provide situations that socialization takes place |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| status earned by individual efforts or imposed by others |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of individual to act freely |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who share physical location but not lasting social relations |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of an ethnographer gaining entry to field setting |
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Term
|
Definition
| research used by researcher to create some sort of change |
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Term
| Comparitive and Historical Methods |
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Definition
| methods uses existing sources to study relationships between elements of society |
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Term
|
Definition
| power backed by threat of force |
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Term
|
Definition
| undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| relationship between variables in which they change together |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary gathering of people in public place |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that help others avoid embarassment |
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Term
|
Definition
| assurance that only the researcher will know the respondent |
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Term
|
Definition
| question asked of respondent that limits possible responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| violation of the norm; codified into law |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of electronic media to bully someone |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of social institutions that create and enforce law |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| clases within society over values and norms |
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Term
|
Definition
| group within society that rejects/opposes values and norms |
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Term
|
Definition
| approach that looks at how we create meaning in natural conversation |
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Term
|
Definition
| based in perceptions of remarkable personal qualities in leader |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar |
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Term
|
Definition
| imposition of ones culture to another through mass media and consumer products |
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Term
|
Definition
| dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed |
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Term
|
Definition
| paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| participants in a research project are unaware of the project |
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Term
|
Definition
| factor that is changed by the independent variable |
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Term
|
Definition
| social life is analyzed by its similarities |
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Term
| Definition of the Situation |
|
Definition
| agreement with others about what is going on in a given circumstance |
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Term
|
Definition
| belief that we experience the self as both subject and object |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that attempt to get at multiple issues |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of individuals to age out of crime |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which an individual identifies as deviant |
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Term
|
Definition
| approach to punishment that relies on teh threat of harsh penalties |
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Term
|
Definition
| values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group in society |
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Term
|
Definition
| theoretical paradigm that uses a metaphor to understand how individuals present themselves to others |
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Term
| Differentail Association Theory |
|
Definition
| Edwin Sutherland hypothesis; we learn to be deviant through associations |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that violates the norms and causes a negative reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| conflict felt by and abotu African Americans who were both African and American at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
| two extreme positions come into conflict and create a third thing between them |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disturbance to some aspect of the social system |
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Term
|
Definition
| method based on studying people in their own environment to understand the meanings they attribute |
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Term
|
Definition
| one who has practical knowledge to get through daily life |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendenct to favor European and Western culture, history, and values over others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the drive that desires productivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on scientific experimentation or observation |
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Term
|
Definition
| using ones own culture as a means of standard to evaluate another group |
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Term
|
Definition
| test group that recieves experimental treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| tests of specific variables and effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| data already collected available for future research |
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Term
|
Definition
| observable expressions either intended or unintended |
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Term
|
Definition
| small actions to help project our definition of the situation to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| intentional and usually verbal expressions |
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|
Term
| electronic or virtual communities |
|
Definition
| social groups whose interactions are mediated |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of evoking feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| status generated by physical characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| teh study of everyday interactions that must be incovered |
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Term
|
Definition
| leadership concerned with maintaining emotional harmony within the group |
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Term
|
Definition
| realistic aspect of the mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| those in power in a society |
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Term
|
Definition
| notes taken by an ethnographer |
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Term
|
Definition
| socially contructed norms regardign the expression and display of emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| teh region where we deliver our performance |
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Term
|
Definition
| the setting or scene of the performance |
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Term
|
Definition
| loosely enforced norm custons, practices, adn procedures that ensure smooth social interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| approach that looks at gender inequalities in society |
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Term
|
Definition
| a denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed |
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Term
|
Definition
| expectations of others that a child takes into account when shaping their own behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| children play organized games and take on the perspectives of teh generalized other |
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Term
|
Definition
| method of generating data by creating categories to place data and look for relationship between categories |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense of solidarity individuals feel toward a group they belong |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members |
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Term
|
Definition
| patterns of interaction between groups and individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of people who share some attribute |
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Term
|
Definition
| ways in which people use their bodies to communicate without words |
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Term
|
Definition
| the desired effect is the result not of the independent cariable but of the research itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| statement explaining teh relationship between two or more phenomena |
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Term
|
Definition
| values students learn indirectly because of the structure of hte educational system |
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Term
|
Definition
| describe the cultural aspects of social control |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms of cultural expression usually associated with the dominant classes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the techinical and economic conditions of machine production control our lives through rules |
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|
Term
| Institutional Review Board |
|
Definition
| group of scholars who meet reguarly to review research proposals of their colleagues |
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Term
|
Definition
| factor that is predicted to cause change |
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Term
|
Definition
| power that is supported by persuasion |
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Term
|
Definition
| an individual adopts beliefs of a group and makes them their own |
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Term
|
Definition
| desire to establish a relationship with a person or group |
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Term
|
Definition
| effort to control the impression we make on others so that they form a desired view of us |
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Term
|
Definition
| information seeking conversation |
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Term
|
Definition
| third variable; explains the relationship between two variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| group that one identifies with and feels loyalty towards |
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Term
|
Definition
| the researcher makes sure the respondents are freely participating |
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Term
|
Definition
| an orientation away from mainstream society and towards new standards |
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Term
|
Definition
| approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals |
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Term
|
Definition
| the norms of behavior that members of a society believe should be observed in principle |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals who accept societys approved goals but not the means to achieve them |
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Term
|
Definition
| leadership that is task or goal oriented |
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Term
|
Definition
| basic inborn drives that are the source of basic instinctive psychic energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of peopel dedicated to the consumption and interpretatinf of a particular cultural product |
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Term
|
Definition
| system of beleifs that directs a society and reproduces the status quo of the bourgeoisie |
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Term
|
Definition
| the self develops though our perdeption of others evaluationgs of us |
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Term
|
Definition
| thorough search through published studies relevant to a particular topic |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that predispose a respondent to answer in a certain way |
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Term
|
Definition
| way of organizing categories on a survey so the respondent can choose an answer along a continuum |
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Term
|
Definition
| common type of formally defined norm providing what is permissible and what is illegal in a given society |
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Term
|
Definition
| system of communication using vocal sounds, gestures, or written symbols |
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Term
|
Definition
| deviance is a consequence of external judgement which modify the nidividuals self concept |
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Term
|
Definition
| based in laws rule and procedures not in the heredity of any individual leader |
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Term
|
Definition
| unintended functions of a social structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| stauts that is always relevant adn affects all other statues we possess |
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Term
|
Definition
| face to face analysis in order to understand teh larger pattern of society |
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Term
|
Definition
| describe the type of social bonds present in postmodern societies |
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Term
|
Definition
| anything that can create wealth |
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Term
|
Definition
| large scale social structure analysis in order to understadn how they affect the live of individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| objects associated with a cultural group and physical objects which we give social meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| policy that values diverse backgrounds adn so encourages the retention of cultural difference within society |
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Term
|
Definition
| norm that carries great moral significance |
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Term
|
Definition
| pardigm that places trust in the power od science to create progress |
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Term
|
Definition
| the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization |
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Term
|
Definition
| intended functions of a social structure for the social system |
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Term
|
Definition
| survey questions that ask respondents what they dont think instead of what they do |
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Term
|
Definition
| rule regarding what kinds of behaviors are acceptable within a culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| ongoing discussion of the roles of genetics in determing individuals behaviors and traits |
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Term
|
Definition
| clear definition of a variable that facilitates its measurement |
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Term
|
Definition
| describes the type of social bonds present in modern societies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| rhw ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| and group feels opposition toward |
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Term
|
Definition
| question asked that allows the respondent to answer in whatever form they choose |
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Term
|
Definition
| those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from normal society |
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Term
|
Definition
| workers; have no means of production |
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Term
|
Definition
| free associationg and dream interpretation are used to explore teh unconscious mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| the theory that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge |
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Term
|
Definition
| small study carried out to test the deasibility of a larger one |
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Term
|
Definition
| actions considered deviant but which are later reinterpreted as approproate or herioc |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to control the actions of others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the expression equipment we use as we pretend ouselves to others |
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|
Term
| particular or significant other |
|
Definition
| expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes |
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Term
|
Definition
| development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others |
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Term
|
Definition
| development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular other |
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Term
|
Definition
| assumes organisms make pratical adaptations to their environemt |
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Term
|
Definition
| action that is taken on the basis intellectial inderstanding |
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|
Term
| psychosexual stages of development |
|
Definition
| four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act that causes one to be labeled deviant |
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Term
|
Definition
| any sampling scheme in which the probability of selecting any given unit is known |
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Term
|
Definition
| the people who are most important to our sense of self |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors approved of by a particular social group |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors a particular social groupd wants its members to avoid |
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Term
|
Definition
| methodology associated with ethnography where the researcher both observes and becomes a memeber in social setting |
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Term
|
Definition
| crimes that did not involve violence |
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Term
|
Definition
| describes a change in basic assumptions of a particular scientific discipline |
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Term
|
Definition
| presenting yourself as a member of a different ethnic/racial group then you were born into |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms of cultural expression |
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Term
|
Definition
| paradigm that suggests social reality is diverse and in constant flux |
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Term
|
Definition
| set of assumptions theories and perspectives that make up a way of understanfing social reality |
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Term
|
Definition
| having many possible meanings or interpretations |
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Term
|
Definition
| tyoe of data that cant be converted into numbers |
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Term
|
Definition
| translates the social world into numbers, cause and effect relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| research that works with nonnumerical data |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of data that can be converted into numbers |
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Term
|
Definition
| paradigm that proposes categories of sexual identity |
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Term
|
Definition
| process that cuases unwanted desires to return |
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Term
|
Definition
| application of economic logic to human activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied |
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Term
|
Definition
| teh context in which teh preformance takes place |
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Term
|
Definition
| degree to which a paticular studied group is similar to any part of the larger group |
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Term
|
Definition
| research that can be repeated by other researchers later |
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Term
|
Definition
| how the identity of the researcher influences what is going on in the field settting |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive relationship often characterized by mutual trust |
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Term
|
Definition
| group that produces a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotions the require that we assume the perspective of another person and respond from that persons point of view |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy |
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Term
|
Definition
| tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role |
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Term
|
Definition
| experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations |
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Term
|
Definition
| set of behaviors expected of someone becasue of their status |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of replacing previously learned norms with new ones as part of a transition in life |
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Term
|
Definition
| consistency of a question |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| number of surveys completed and returned to researcher |
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Term
|
Definition
| sample taken so that findings from members of teh sample groupd can be generalized |
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Term
|
Definition
| someone from who a researcher solicits information |
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Term
|
Definition
| approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliationg for the crime |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to punishment taht attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty |
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Term
|
Definition
| the norms that actually exist within a society |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals who have given up hope of achieving societys goald |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals who reject societys approved goals and the means to achieve them |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals who reject societys approved goals and instead work toward their own |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| application of economic logic to human activity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the mind that allows us to see the relationship between our life and what is happening at a social level |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| group of people with patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world |
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Term
|
Definition
| political system based on state ownership in order to reduce levels of social inequlity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| uneven districution of goods within society |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| procedure for acquiring knowledge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of human society adn social behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| degree of integration within a particular society |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| symbol that stands for an idea |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas associated with a cultural group |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| represents teh internalized demands of society |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| phenomenon in which more individuals are added to as task |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which a concept is created by particiants who agree that it exists |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| paradigm taht begins with assumptions that society is a unified whole that funtions because of its seperate structures |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| social institution that is stable over time and meets the needs of sociaty |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| paradigm that sees interactions and meaning as central to society |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| new social system created out of conflict between thesis and antithesis in dialectical model |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of learning and internalizing values of our social group |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in an unequal society the tension between socially approved goals and an individuals ability to meet those goals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which socially unacceptable desires are healthily chaneeled into socially acceptable |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| any physical attribute taht devalues a persons identity adn may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| method based on questionnaires taht are administered to a sample of respondents |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| judging others based on preconcieved generalizations about groups of people |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connections between individuals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| web of direct and indirect ties connecting an indivual to other people who may also affect them |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| influnce of ones fellow group members on individual behaviors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| apperance of causation produce by an intervening variable |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| members relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| particualar type of probablity sample in which every member has an equal chance of being selected |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the population that will actually be studied |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a prediction that causes itself to come true |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| positive or negative reactions to the ways people follow or disobey norms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| idea that language structures thoughts adn the ways of looking at the world |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| deviant identity that develops as a result of being labeled deviant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals conscious experience of a personal identity seperate and distinct from other individuals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals are cul off from the rest of society so their lives be controlled |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| teh drive toward aggression |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| abstract proposition that explain the social world and make predictions about future events |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| classic formation of the way individuals define situations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the rejection of the stigma of a deviant identity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a norm that even thinking about violating it evoices strong feelings of disgust |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| three person social group |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| authority based in custom |
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|
Term
| technological determination |
|
Definition
| notion the developments in material culture provide the primary driving forces behind social change |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| material artifacts and the knowledge about techniques require to use them |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| areas of culture that share similar aesthetics and standards of taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of people who share similar artistic, literature, media intellectual interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| existing social arrangements in a dialectical model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| official measure of crime in the US produced by the FBI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two or more phenomena that a researcher believes are related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ideal whereby researchers identify facts allowing their own peronal belifs to intervene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crimes in which violence is either the objective of the means to an end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas about what is desirbale in a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crime committed by a high status individual in the course of their occupation |
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Definition
| techniques for manipulating the sampling procedures so that the sample more closely resembles the larger population |
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Definition
| sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a resulf of producign goods that are owner by someone else |
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Definition
| loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds adn an increases pace of change |
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