• Ritual
• Storytelling
• Instinct for Fantasy
• Imitation (Aristotle)

• The Established Form for a ceremony--specifically:the order of words prescribed for a religious ceremony
• Ritual Observance--specifically: a system of rites
• A ceremonial action
• an act or series of acts reguarlary repeated in a set precise manner
• things that "make society work"

• Sympathetic magic--
• Homeopathic/imitative magic: doesn't work? Bad execution= Bring in Shaman
• Contagious magic: law of contact

• Sacred Sites--- Serpent Mound, Ohio
• Megaliths---assumed they're there for some kind of ritual--- Avebury; Stonehenge; Carnac, France; Easter Island
• Nealithic Caves---cave paintings with people dressed like animals (costumes)--- Altamira, Spain; Trois, France (the great sorcerer, the flute player); Kimberly Region, Australia (Bradshaws/ Gwion gwion)

• Mesopotamian--- Inanna and Dumuzi: hiros gamos= "sacred marriage"
• Crete--- Minoan bull cult; Knossos- had a theatrical area outside palace; Phaistos- also had theatrical area
• Mayan--- bloody culture; worshipped snake and jaguar
• Ancient Egypt--- apis bull cult; Giza (great pyramids, sphinx, valley of kings)-- Funeral rites on walls of mastaba(tomb); coronation rites-Memphite play; Shabaka stone (Shabaka=First Nubian Pharaoh) ; Fertility rites-- Memphite play; Abydos passion play; triumph of Horos

• Exploits (the hunt)
• heroic stories-- Gilgamesh; Beowulf; Homer's Epics; Washington and the cherry tree
• Gimi tribe, new guinea-- Festivals- retell/act out stories; marriage rites; traditional stories

• theory for architectural design: amphitheatre was a originally a threshing floor
• Tent for dressing: Skene
• Hillside for seating: Theatre of Dionysus
• Epidaurus: best preserved ancient theatre

"elegant" crane

god from machine

used to show carnage

piece that wheeled onstage and showed what happened prior (post offstage death)

• Chiton: Short tunic
• Himation: Long gown
• Chlamys: Long tunic

• used for multiple roles
• exaggerated features

Grotesque

Animals

• Early styles: Grotesque or stylized
• Later moved to more realistic

• Onkos: headdress
• big; not human hair

• sandals
• buskin: boot without toes
• kothurnoi: elevated shoes

• Kithara: mini-harp
• Autos: double-flute

• grapes
• cup
• bull
• leopard
• thyrsos: phallic symbol

• trade routes are wide open
• slaves are given leisure
• prisoners released

• fought in Persian War
• wrote over 80 plays, only 7 extant

• Introduced second actor
• introduced messenger speech: describes offstage violence
• spectacular elements: costume design; choreography; skenographika=scene painting

•  Golden Age of Greece
• Handsome--gifted in mind and body
• Fans: Herodotus, Sokrates, Aristophanes
• Perikles made him a general
• Two sons: Iophon and Ariston
• Only 7 extant plays

• introduced the third actor
• skenographika=scene painting
• khorus number at 15
• Tragedy structure

1. Prologos
2. Parados (khorus entrance0
3. Episodes
4. Stasima (khorus songs, separated episodes)
5. Exodus

• only old comic writer we know of
• focuses on Pericles' bullying and Alcibiades' wifes (study guide said: wiles, but what the fuck is that?)
• all comedy is political
• always a battle between Kleon and Aristophanes

1. Prologos: "Happy Idea"--A ridiculous solution to some social problem
2. Parados: entrance of khorus
3. Agon: Happy Idea is debated
4. Para basis: Khorus comes forward to address the audience
5. Episodes: increasing comic effect
6. FEAST

Khorus also involved in "pnigos"-tongue twister

• Very highly regarded (like Greek Shakespeare)
• Ingluences on Menander: Zeno of Cittium; Epicurus

• stock characters in stock situations
• subject matter: middle class
• "real" characters
• 5-act structure
• Khorus relegated to interlude

• built on hillside
• more than 180 degrees
• full circle orchestra
• separate skene house