Term
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Definition
| Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, and Archeabacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya |
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Term
| What is the Hardy Weinberg equation? |
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Definition
psquard + 2pq = qspuared = 1 (or 100%)
q= recessive frequency
p= dominant frequency |
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Term
| What are the five factors that affect evolution? |
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Definition
Mutations
Genetic drift
Gene flow or migration
Non random mating
Natural selection. |
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Term
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Definition
changes in the sequence of the nitrogenous bases in DNA (normal circumstances = less mutations)
Mutagens = more mutations |
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Term
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Definition
the random change in allele frequency in a small population due to chance events.
Bigger effect in small populations |
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Term
| What is the bottle neck effect? |
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Definition
| Difference in allele frequencies after a natural disaster |
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Term
| What is gene flow or migration? |
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Definition
| Movement between populations causes mixing of genetics |
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Term
| What is non-random mating? |
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Definition
| Some organisms can mate more b/c of certain traits or sexual selection, and pass on more genes |
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| Organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| Average trait has highest fitness (tall and skinny) |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with an extreme variation of a trait survive |
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Term
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Definition
| both extremes have the highest fitness, averages are singled out on |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| obligate inter cellular parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| Virus containing RNA instead of DNA, must go through reverse transcription. Then released through budding. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of living things? |
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Definition
1. Responds to stimulus
2. Made out of cells (or cell)
3. Requires an energy supply
4. grows
5. can reproduce
6. Contains DNA and RNA
7. Contains enzymes
8. can move |
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Term
| What are the three lines of defense of your body? |
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Definition
1. physical barriers (skin, mucus, etc.)
2. Phagocytes (white blood cells)
3. antibodies (b cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein produced by your body to inhibit virus replication. |
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Term
| What are the 5 stages of viral infection? |
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Definition
1. Attachment (capsid match)
2. Penetration
3. Biosynthesis (takeover of metabolism)
4. Maturation (virus put together)
5. Release (lysis, blastosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Archea that lives in anaerobic environments and produces methane |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of bacteria (ex, diplococci) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decolorize in a gram stain |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of protein sugar complexes in a cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that acquire energy by either chemosynthesis or photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that obtain their energy from organic sources |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain energy by oxidation of inorganic compounds (nitrogen fixers, ex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Digest their materials outside of the organism with powerful enzymes, and then consume them (heterotrophic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterotrophic bacteria which rely on other organisms to provide organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| ring of DNA in a bacteria cell |
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Term
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Definition
| only type of cell organelle found in bacteria (makes proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| hair like projections that help bacteria attach to their host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hair like structures that provide movement of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly resistant dormant cell which preserves the genetic material of the bacteria in unfavorable conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction of bacteria (only occurs in prokaryotes) |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of genetic information from a male cell to a female cell through a tube called a sex pilus. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria gain genetic information that is taken up from dead bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses take genetic information from one cell to another. |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria that requires oxygen to survive, uses cellular respiration to produce energy:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of sugar molecules with use of oxygen to release energy:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. Use either photosynthesis or fermentation to produce energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of sugar molecules without the use of oxygen and with the use of acids to release energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria able to grow with or without oxygen. Will use cellular respiration if oxygen and fermentation if it is absent. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms living in association with other organisms. |
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Term
| What are the four pillars of germ theory? |
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Definition
1. A specific organism can always be found in association with a given disease.
2. The organism can be isolated and grown in a pure culture in a laboratory.
3. The pure culture will produce the disease when inoculated into susceptible test subjects.
4. It is possible to recover the organism in pure culture from experimentally infected animals |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins found on the surface of the pathogen that are unique to that pathogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A selective poison that wll kill the desired bacteria, but not the cells in your body. Most antibiotics work by breaking down the cell wall of the bacteria. |
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Term
| What are considerations for the use of antibiotics? |
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Definition
1. The antibiotic must be bacteria specific
2. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics
3. Some antibiotics could kill of useful bacteria
4. May reduce the competitive bacteria and allow harmful bacteria to survive
5. May cause resistant strains to develop |
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Term
| What is antibiotic resistance? |
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Definition
| It is when bacteria develop a resistance to a certain antibiotic for reasons such as mutation, wide spread use, and selective pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multi resistant organisms. These are bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics. |
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Term
| How can antibiotic resistance be prevented? |
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Definition
1. Do not take an antibiotic for a viral infection
2. Discard any leftover medication once you have completed the treatment
3. Take an antibiotic exactly as the provider tells you to
4. Do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else
5. Stop using antibacterial soaps and sanitizers |
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Term
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Definition
| 2n, diploid, produces spores |
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Term
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Definition
| 1n, haploid, makes gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Mosses, no vascular system, absorb water like sponges |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What chlorophyll does green algae have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of earths oxygen does green algae produce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular green algae with two flagella that make it mobile. They have isogametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a colonial organism? |
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Definition
| Loose connection of cells arranged to function together. (not independent, but have the capabilities of being independent) |
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Term
| What is a filamentous organism? |
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Definition
| multi cellular organism, all cells aligned in a thick strand of filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| golden brown algae with pigments a and c, largest of the algae. |
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Term
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Definition
| diatoms, shell made of silica |
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Term
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Definition
| dinoflagellates, protective cellulose plates, two flagella, one wrapped around, causes it to spin, can cause red tide alert |
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Term
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Definition
| very hard to classify b/c only a third are photosynthetic, most are heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle that detects light for the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle which pumps water out of a the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Center of carbon dioxide fixation |
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Term
| What are the general characteristics of plants? |
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Definition
1. Plants make food by photosynthesis
2. Plants have cell walls make of cellulose
3. Plants stay put (sessile)
4. Plants show an alteration of generations in their life cycle (sporophyte and gametophyte) |
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Term
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Definition
| Waxy covering on the leaves that keeps the leaf from drying out |
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Term
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Definition
| pores which exchange gasses and expel water vapor |
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Term
| What are the plant phylum that are non-vascular? |
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Definition
| Bryophyta(mosses), Hepatophyta(liverwarts), and Anthocerophyta (hornwarts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Non vascular plants which includes mosses , liverworts, and hornworts. Cannot retain water, must be near water to absorb it. |
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Term
| Which cycle in the alteration of generations cycle is dominant in non vascular plants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hornwarts, sporophyte grows in a spike |
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Term
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Definition
| Liverworts, have rhizoids (root like structures), have a gemmae cup |
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Term
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Definition
| Have rhizodes, typically grow in a mat |
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Term
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Definition
| Female reproductive organ vof a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Male reproductive organ of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduce through large number of spores, must have water for sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts water and minerals up the stem from the roots in the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts nutrients which are formed in leaves around the plant |
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Term
| What stage of Alternation of generations is dominant in Seedless vascular plants? |
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Definition
| Sporophyte. The gametophyte is independent from the sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| Whisk ferns (no leaves, just branches) |
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Term
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Definition
| Club mosses, have horizontal root, look like a mat |
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Term
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Definition
| Ferns, produce spores on the underside of their leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Horse tails, only 15 species, single stem |
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Term
| What is the gametophyte of a fern called? |
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Definition
| A prothallus, shaped like a heart, underground |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular plant with naked seeds, sporophyte is dominant |
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Term
| What are the advantages of seeds? |
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Definition
| Has stored food, protects the embryo, takes over the function on the spores |
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Term
| What are the three primary functions of roots? |
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Definition
1. Gather water and minerals
2. Anchor the plant in the soil
3. Store food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| loosely packed parenchyma cells (main body), used for food storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Root layer which stops movement of water into the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Hold up leaves and flowers to light, transport water and nutrients through vascular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| small openings in a leaf which allows gas to enter and exit the leaf. Open at day and closed at night, water vapor lost through transpiration |
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Term
| What are the four divisions of gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta |
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Term
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Definition
| Cycads, oldest, with dinosaurs, like palms |
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Term
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Definition
| Only one living species, often in ornamental gardens, mistaken for angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| Gnetophytes, strange shrubs, most closely related to angiosperms, undergo double fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| Conifers, have needles, and cones at the bottom of the tree to avoid self fertilization |
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Term
| Are gymnosperms hard wood or soft wood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One seed leaf, groups or multiples of 3 petals, vascular bundles distributed throughout stem, net-like roots, parallel veins |
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Term
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Definition
| Two seed leafs, vascular bundles arranged in bundles, net like veins, petals arranged in groups or multiples of 4 or 5, tap root system |
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Term
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Definition
| Male reproductive organ in a flower |
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Term
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Definition
| Female reproductive organ in a flower |
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Term
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Definition
| Fusing point of male and female reproductive organs and base of the flower |
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Term
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Definition
| Triploid cell wall that provides food for a developing embryo |
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