Term
| a holistic and comparative perspective |
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Definition
| most characterizes anthropology among the disciplines that study humans |
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Term
| the four field approach to anthro in the us |
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Definition
| was largely shaped by early american anthropologists interest in native americans |
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Term
| humans respond biologically (over time) to environmental stressors. what are adaptions to human life at high altitudes: |
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Definition
developing increased lung capacity
producing more red blood cells
increased heart rate
hyperventilation
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conceptualized as the interplay between societal structure and individual agency. ethnicity is the dynamic negotiation of indvidiual identity and group organization |
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Term
| study of non human primates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| anthromorphic primates (hominans) characterized by _____ are included in what genera? |
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Definition
| 1) obligate bipedal 2) australopithicus and homo |
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Term
| what cranial features ares ssociated with the powerful chewing of australoputhecus |
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Definition
| large sagital crest, massive molars and large jaw, wide fliaring zygomatic arch |
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Term
| bipedalism conferred what advantages to our ancestors |
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Definition
| freeing up handing to carry objects, ability to walk greater distances than quadrapeds, seeming larger than predetors |
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Term
| what do Yanomamo value above all else |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. occures through a process of conscious and uncioscious learning
2. results in internaluizaiton of cultural tradition
3. may involve direct teaching
4. requieres interaction with others |
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Term
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Definition
| there i sone line or path through which all socieities have evolved, and this path involves specific states that cannot be skipped, ending at the final state of civilization |
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Term
| origin of language suggests that |
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Definition
| the capacity for language is the result of a host of physiological and genetic features and cognitive advances |
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Term
| what is not present in nonhuman primate culture |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions |
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Definition
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Term
| what is true about language and thinking |
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Definition
| different languages can produce different ways of thinking |
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Term
| physiological evidence of the ability for human language |
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Definition
| high degree of basio-cranial flexion |
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Term
| the neolithic revolution allowed for |
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Definition
| increase in economic equality in society |
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Term
| rather than attmepting ti classify humans into racial cateogires, biologists and anthropologists are |
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Definition
| increasinly focusing attention on explaining why small phenotypic and genteic variation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
-egalitarian social structure
-foraging economy
-sexual division of labor
-mechanism of social control |
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Term
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Definition
-is an example of competative gift giving
-interpreted as wasteful behavior
-form of exchange that has long-ter, adaptive value in culture
-well documented along pacific coast |
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Term
| egalitarianism diminishes in bands, like the san, when |
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Definition
| the band becomes too sedentary or changes their subsistence methods |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others |
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Term
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Definition
| a group uniting all men or women born during a certain span of time |
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Term
| foraging groups dont want to change their ways cause |
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Definition
| their own economies provide adequate and nutritious diet with a lot less work |
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Term
| political leaders in foraging bands |
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Definition
| have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions |
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Term
| foraging economies have always shared this essential feature |
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Definition
| reliance on available natural resources for thier subsistence, rather than controllling the reproduction of plants and animals |
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Term
| why do anthropologists quesiton the idea that present day foragers can be compared to paleolithic goragers |
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Definition
| present day foragers have been in contact with food producing, indusrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation state that inevitabilty affect their livelihood |
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Term
| human babies are fairly usless for a long while after they are born compared to all other mammels. this is good because |
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Definition
| extended infacny means humans are norn with less instinctual programming meaning they have more time to learn things |
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Term
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Definition
| high mobility, small groups, egalitarian social organzation |
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Term
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Definition
| tribe living in jungle of colomibia studied by chagnon |
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Term
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Definition
| studied by richard lee, huntergathers in desert |
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Term
| ____ and ____ are examples of food-producing economic strategies |
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Definition
| foragers and pastoralists, who are semi mobile and where land is extensively |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| require a group to be largely sedentary and use the land intensively, increasing food yields by using irrigation and replacing nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| most complex system of sociopolitcal organizations that aim to control and administer every from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the field sof the social system
-beliefs, practices and institutions
that are most actively involved in the maintenance of norma and the regulation of conflict. breaking of these norms can result in shame and guilt |
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Term
| if a language is full of honorifics |
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Definition
| it could mean that an individual that speaks that language is more likely to think of the relative social positions of the speaker in a conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| when a language contains many words for a concept or a new item it may indicate the relative importance of that concept or thing for the culture |
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Term
| explain the concepts of human universals and cultural constructs and give examples of each to illustrate your definition |
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Definition
| human universals are aspects present in a culture that are common in all cultures. these can include kinship, tradition, religion, susience, and language. however a cultural construct is an idea specific to a culture which needs constant affirmationto exist. the idea of race and white superiorty was a cultural construct in US culture |
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Term
| what leads archaeologists to believe that early homo sapiens had language abilities while neandertal and earlier species of hominans did not |
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Definition
| homo sapiens had a smaller brain including a larger frontal cortex which allowed for complex thought. along with increase frontal cortex the increase of basiocranial flextion, larynx, and mobile tongue allowed homo sapiens to have abilities neandertals did not |
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Term
| what anatomical feature of the anthropormorphic primates know as hominans, point to obligate bipedalism |
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Definition
Position for foramen magnum (hole at the base of the skull), Angle of femur, Curved spine, Modified, splayed pelvis, Length of limbs, Loss of hair |
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Term
| Subsistence system of Trioband Islanders |
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Definition
| they are agriculturalists/hordiculturlaists. in that culture wealth is gained through aquisition of yams. they use yams as currency which relects their subsustence system. for exampple a wife is given yams after marriage, and the person with the most yams is the most powerful |
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Term
| traditional subsistence system of the San. how does that system affect the size of the group |
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Definition
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Term
| political power in state is the result of the achieved and ascribed status |
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Definition
-achieved status power gained through ones actions beliefs and choices, where as ascribed status is a status which is a result of a characteristics you can't change (race, gender).
-political power is very much a combination of both
-a culture may view a certain race a superior white people in US during 20th century and as result you could not gain achieved stats because of the limitaiton places on you by society |
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Term
| how are decisions made and values of the group upheld within a band type of social organization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Band
-settlements are easy to move because they deplete land around them quickly
-hunting/gathering
-equalitarianism (no specialized occupations)
-status by age (more knowledge)
-Kinship?
-the older hold power, otherwise no one holds power
-shaman is only specialized role |
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Term
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Definition
-tribe
-100-250 people
-they're settlements stay there for longer than that of a band |
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Term
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Definition
| !Kung/san: delayed form of non-equivalent gift exchange. A key characteristic of the hxaro exchange is the egalitarian nature of this system. This means that both men and women are able to participate in this exchange system, with no gendered divide or power play in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social cultural(study of present day), biological physical( study humans as biological organisms, how cultural forces shape human biology), linguistic (study of languages in its social and cultural context across space and time), archeological (study of humans through cultural remains) |
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Term
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Definition
| a shared way of doing things and thinking transmitted through learning that in turn guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned, symbolic, and shared |
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Term
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Definition
• Material culture: stuff humans make or generate through their lives
• Symbolic culture: what and how people think about their lives and how they communicate that to others |
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Term
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Definition
•National: cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation
•International: traditions that extend beyond national boundaries
•Subcultures: identifiable cultural patterns existing within a larger culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the positions that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect, like moral relativism |
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Term
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Definition
| social construct, no genetic markers, most variation is within, not in between, races (85% variation within local population, 94% within a continent) |
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Term
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Definition
| living in a culture that is not your own while also keep a detailed ethnology(ross cultural comparison, the comparative study of ethnographic data, society and culture), ethnography (description of a culture) |
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Term
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Definition
| things that convey information through an arbitrary or culturally assigned meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| system of communication between non human primates, limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. Tied to environmental stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers, regional speech patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining oneself at a minimum level |
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Term
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Definition
| aka foraging, key features: mobility, use of resources |
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Term
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Definition
| a style or method of cooking characteristic of a particular country region or establishment |
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Term
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Definition
| aka intensive farming, key features: continuous use of land, intensive is of labor |
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Term
| intensive v. extensive uses of land |
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Definition
•Intensive farming uses irrigation, draft animals, terracing, natural fertilizer, selective breading, mechanization to grow more food, more man made stuff, and yield a ton of food
•Extensive farming uses very little input on vast areas of lands, cattle herding |
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Term
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Definition
| aka herding, key features: nomadism(the entire group) and transhumance(part of group that moves with herd) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people or animals resides in one place and were not migratory or nomadic (following seasonally available plants and animals, hunting gathering) |
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Term
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Definition
| being when a group is sedentary during part of the year and nomadic otherwise (tribes can be) |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange relies on pigs as currency, gift giving where big-men obtain their status, each gift increase and inferiority is established |
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Term
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Definition
| person's conception of their individuality or group affiliation |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns of behavior which enable a culture to cope with its surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| when nomads went from hunting gathering to agriculture which led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes and the rise of civilizations |
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Term
| Work and Political Division during the Neolithic revolution |
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Definition
-Divided work between men and women, but women's status declined. Villages were run by council of elders, some had a chief elder, some men gained stature by being great warriors
-A person's class was determined by the work they did: farmer, craftsman, priest, and warrior |
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Term
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Definition
| Flake tools form a prepared core, Building things to protect from the elements: stakes to modify caves |
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Term
| Physical characteristics of Neaderthals |
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Definition
•Neanderthals were shorter but more robust than modern humans
•thickened curved long bones
•powerful hands, broad fingertips
•Larger joint surfaces
•Anatomy reflects selection for a cold and physically demanding |
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Term
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Definition
| governs exchange between equals, used in band and tribal societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Each time a gift is given, the other group must return the favor. The gifts should be better than the last. |
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Term
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Definition
| Competitive feasting. Done as a way to redistribute goods so no one accumulates more wealth than the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage between people of a specific ethnic group |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage only allowed outside the social group |
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Term
| parellel v. cross cousins |
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Definition
parallel cousin: paternal uncle's child (cousin from a parent's same sex sibling)
cross cousins: mother's brother (parent's opposite-sexed sibling) |
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Term
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Definition
| non-gendered, non-sided, extends from the neuclear family (the way we describe our family) |
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Term
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Definition
| example of lineal terminology-there's mother father brother uncle |
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Term
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Definition
| borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of cultural features when groups continually come together |
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Term
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Definition
| development of the same cultural trait or patter in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| customes marking transitions between places or stages of life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the shaman in the person that conjures the hecura spirit in Haitian voodoo. He is the middle man between the people and the spirit world. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person, usually a male, who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person, usually a male, who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person, usually a male, who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| as the value of wealth increases, the more stable a marriage becomes. Bride wealth is insurance against divorce. |
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Term
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Definition
| plural marriage; woman has more than one husband |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural blends, or mixtures, including religious blends, that emerge from acculturation, particularly under colonialism, such as African, Native American, and Roman Catholic saints and deities in Caribbean vodun, or "voodoo," cults; the exchange of cultural features when cultures come into continuous firsthand contact. |
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Term
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Definition
-Inhabitants of the Kalahari desert of East and south Africa
-Foragers - tend to be mobile, to allow food gathering
-small groups
-Can’t live in large groups or food sources will quickly get depleted.
-few possessions, and thus only minor differences in wealth,
-division of labor mostly by age and sex,
-little occupational specialization, minimal social hierarchy, "simple" social organization based primarily on kinship |
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Term
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Definition
| matrilineal, property and land passed down from mother to daughter, religious and political affairs are left to the men, follow ethnic traditions of islam, or adat |
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Term
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Definition
-social identity is largely established by membership in a specific kinship group, by division of labor, by the larger patriarchal social order, and by the hierarchal order of the political life
-once born into a group they stay there
-bride wealth
-Death and misfortune is the result of evil, Mangu,
-Chicken oracle: poison on the beak and who ever's name is spoken when it dies is the witch, the witch automatically believes that he or she is a witch and makes amends and spits on the wing of the chicken |
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Term
| What kind of social control do Bands and Tribes use |
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Definition
Informal social control: which are excerised by a society without specific rules, and customs and morals
if these are broken, shame, ridicule, sarcasm |
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Term
| what social control does the state use? |
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Definition
formal social control: laws, statute
if you break these you get tossed in jail or fined a shit ton |
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Term
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Definition
–Membership is fluid.
–Membership achieved.
–People can change their descent-
group membership or belong to
two or more groups at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| usues the same term ofr parent and their sibling, but lumping is more complete |
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Term
| bifurcate merging terminology |
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Definition
-associated with unilineal descent and unilocal residence
-Iroquois system of descent
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Term
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Definition
-distinguishes between gender and generation
-parrallel cousins are siblings
-cross cousins are cousins
marriage among cross cousins is encouraged |
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Term
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Definition
| father's brother would be identified as father but a mother's brother as uncle |
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Term
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Definition
the continuation of marital alliances when one spouse dies
sororate: the husband may marry the wife's sister if the wife dies
levirate: this is the right to marry the husband's brother if the husband dies |
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Term
| domestic-public dichotomy |
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Definition
| differentiation between home and theoutside world |
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Term
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Definition
| gender stratification is less developed among foragers |
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Term
| gender among horticuluralist |
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Definition
- gender roles and stratification among cultivators vary widely
- martin and Voorhies: said women main producers in these societies
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Term
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Definition
| -where there is less war women tend to have a higher status |
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Term
| does hitting or batting require magic |
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Definition
| hitting, because there is a high level of chance in hitting and pitching. |
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