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Midterm IV
PS 101 HP
109
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/24/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
social perception (person perception)
Definition
gaining/evaluatingi info about others-categorizing, judging- active, subjective, interpersonal, influenced by individual's, yours and situation's characteristics
Term
basic principles of social perception
Definition
1) your rxns determined by perceptions 2) goals influence amnt/kind of info collected (lab partner vs date) 3) evaluate (& self-eval) based on social norms 4) self-perception influences how we judge info
Term
primacy effect
Definition
first impression has greatest influence on our perceptions
Term
social categorization
Definition
putting ppl in groups, automatically or deliberately. cog. efficient (don't have to evaluate each individually) but pos. inaccurate
Term
implicit personality theory
Definition
kind of schema- assumptions about behavior/expectation of ppl based on their category (attractive=fun/interesting/other pos attributes)
Term
central trait
Definition
major characteristic (gordon allport's trait theory)- single central trait can organize imp. pers. theory
Term
halo effect
Definition
tendency to infer other pos or neg traits from perception of one central trait
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
tendency to overestimate degree to which dispositions influence behavior, underestimate situational
Term
actor-error discrepancy
Definition
actor blames situation, observer blames actor's disposition (tripping on T)
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
attributing triumph to disp. but not failures- "psychological immune system"- reversed in depression
Term
false consensus bias
Definition
assumption that most people share our own attitudes/behaviors
Term
illusion of control
Definition
belief we control events in our own lives that are really beyond our control (auto accident)
Term
conformity
Definition
tendency to adjust actions/beliefs to those of group
Term
informational social influence
Definition
accept group belief/behavior as accurate info about reality. "did you see that?" baby gaging mother's emotions to guide own
Term
normative social influence
Definition
conform to gain approval/acceptance
Term
solomon asch's experiment
Definition
in context of adolph eickman's testimony; supposedly visual perception exp- confederates give wrong answer. only 25% gave right answers
Term
most likely to conform
Definition
unanimity of majority group, perception that majority group not a conspiracy, at least 3-4 ppl in maj group, minimal familiarity with subject, perceived credibility of maj group, low self-esteem, high regard for maj group
Term
conformity in collectivistic cultures
Definition
high public conformity but not nec. in private
Term
obedience
Definition
social influence in which we alter behavior in response to commands from perceived authority figure(s)
Term
stanley milgram's experiment
Definition
"destructive obedience"- 65% gave full voltage- "you have no other choice"
Term
why destructive obedience occurs
Definition
diminished responsibility, gradual escalation, physical separation, perceived power of authority figure,
Term
prosocial behavior
Definition
awareness of, kindness for others
Term
altruism
Definition
engagement of prosocial behavior w/ no expectation of anything in return
Term
factors that increase bystander helping
Definition
feel good-do good effect, guilt, seeing others as willing to help, seeing victim as deserving help, knowing how to help, personalized relationship with victim (even eye contact)
Term
factors that decrease bystander helping
Definition
bystander effect (the more ppl, the less likely help), social influence (kitty gervais), big cities and small towns, vague/ambiguous situations, personal costs outweighing benefits
Term
social loafing
Definition
laziness in a group effort. reduced when we know group members, group highly valued, task meaningful/unique
Term
social striving
Definition
group effort of collectivistic society
Term
social facilitation
Definition
improvement of performance bc presence of others. only for simple or very well rehearsed tasks
Term
deindividuation
Definition
reduction of self-awareness/inhibitions in group where there is anonymity. KKK masks, LA riots after rodney king, trick or treat mirror/candy experiment
Term
attitude
Definition
learned, relatively enduring predisposed pattern of responses to/evaluations of people, groups, ideas, situations
Term
attitudes learned through pavlovian conditioning
Definition
attitude develops based on US paired with neutral stimulus (dog->bite->fear, shirt->model->arousal)
Term
attitudes learned through operant conditioning
Definition
reward is praise, approval, punishment is disapproval
Term
attitudes learned through direct experience vs observation
Definition
direct experience-->attitudes that are more deeply ingrained, help more confidently
Term
social identification function
Definition
attitudes provide info about others, allow us to present ourselves. strongly determines our overall assessments of others
Term
social adjustment function
Definition
attitudes that help us, in specific environments, identify with groups/peers
Term
impression management
Definition
tendency to select what we reveal about our attitudes, depending on how this info will be recieved
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
tendency to conform to negative stereotypes of one's own group
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
people experience psychological discomfort or dissonance whenever cognitions and behaviors are in conflict
Term
when do attitudes lead to behavior?
Definition
extreme or frequently expressed, formed through direct experience, individual is very knowledgeable, individual expects favorable outcome/reactions
Term
when does behavior lead to attitude?
Definition
cognitive dissonance
Term
prejudice
Definition
negative, unjustifiable, inflexible attitude toward a group and its members
Term
stereotypes
Definition
social schema- preconceived/simplified beliefs/expectations about traits of a group- ignore the individual- very rigid. influences what we see (only what confirms stereotypes)
Term
discrimination
Definition
behavioral consequence of prejudice in which one group treated differently from another
Term
out group homogeneity effect
Definition
differences exist w/in In Group, but Out Group is homogeneous
Term
in group bias (ethnocentrism)
Definition
in group is better
Term
muzafer sherif
Definition
2 groups of boys (rattlers/eagles) developed through competition- contact theory wasn't working, until superordinate goal (food truck breakdown)
Term
eliot aronson
Definition
generalized sherif findings to real world- made jigsaw projects in integrated classes- changed attitudes
Term
behavioral disorder
Definition
pattern of symptoms that causes extreme distress and/or impairs ind. in 1 or more aspects of life- atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, dangerous
Term
DSM IV
Definition
diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders- 4th edition- 300 disorders- relies on empirical research- reclassified developmental disorders, added substance
Term
nat'l comorbidity survey replication
Definition
found 57% of ppl will have mental disorder in their lifetime, women more likely to have internalizing disorders, men to have externalizing
Term
internalizing disorders | externalizing disorders
Definition
depression, anxiety | substance abuse, violence
Term
james gardner
Definition
studied stigmas of mental disorders in media- 2 characters: dangerous psycho killer, helpless victim
Term
most severe disorder
Definition
schizophrenia
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
early onset, life-long. 1% population, 50% homeless, 40% hospital beds. extreme disturbances in thinking, fragmentation of own personality (not split personality)
Term
positive symptoms (schizophrenia)
Definition
(psychotic symptoms) experiences that shouldn't happen- hallucinations (auditory most common), delusions (paranoid, grandiose, delusions of reference), thought disorder (word salad, neologisms)
Term
negative symptoms (schizophrenia)
Definition
(deficient symptoms) experiences that should happen but don't- amotivation, flattened/blunted affect (lack of emotional expression), anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)
Term
primary symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
see chart! delusions/disturbances of thought, hallucinations/disturbances of perception, disturbance in emotional expression, disturbances in speech, disorganized/catatonic behavior
Term
systematized delusions
Definition
schema created for delusion- applied to whole world
Term
undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
schizophrenics who do not manifest specific symptoms of 4 main categories
Term
neurodevelopmental disorder
Definition
caused by problem in development (possibly during formation of cortex)- schizophrenia
Term
schizophrenia rule of 1/3ds
Definition
1/3 gets better, 1/3 gets somewhat better, 1/3 cannot
Term
development of schizophrenia: prodromal
Definition
late adolescence/early adulthood- lowered productivity/social withdrawal, deterioration in health/hygiene, lasts months or years
Term
development of schizophrenia: active
Definition
major symptoms appear- months or many years
Term
development of schizophrenia: residual
Definition
major symptoms absent on markedly diminished, lingering social difficulty, low motivation, blunted/inapp. affect
Term
disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
disorganization and regression in thinking/behavioral patterns, sexual/religious/hypochondriacal halucinations, mood swings, infantile behavior, word salad/neologisms
Term
catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
extreme psychomotor disturbances, waxy flexibility, agitated movement/shouting (generally harmful)
Term
paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
highest level of awareness, least impairment of daily functions, well-organized delusional thoughts
Term
residual schizophrenia
Definition
schizophrenia in recovery phase during which major symptoms absent/diminished
Term
unipolar depression
Definition
only depression, not mania. includes major depressive, dysthymic and seasonal
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
very common, 1/4-5 women (2X men), 9 month course in adolescence, typically recurrent.
Term
major depressive disorder symptoms
Definition
emotional: extreme sadness, anhedonia. behavioral: listlessness, indiff. appearance, sad affect. cognitive: feel worthless, guilty, delusions, poor thinking/memory. physical: severe insomnia, circadian reversal, appetite disturbance
Term
anhedonia
Definition
absence of joy/inability to experience joy
Term
dysthymic disorder
Definition
milder major depression that lasts a long time
Term
double disorder
Definition
disthymic with falls into major depressive episodes
Term
seasonal affect disorder
Definition
fall into winter depressive episodes- prevalent in scandinavia. light therapy
Term
factors predictive of major depressive relapse
Definition
early onset of initial episode, marital distress, critical/hostile relatives
Term
mixed mania
Definition
depressive symptoms occur concurrently with classic manic ones
Term
bipolar I mania
Definition
euphoria, increased energy, excessive confidence, feel sexually attractive, rash decisions, stop sleeping/eating. hypomania->real mania->psychotic mania
Term
bipolar I facts
Definition
1% population, men=women but men more manic, women more depressive, 90%+ have multiple episodes, 10-15% die by suicide
Term
lability
Definition
quick move from mania to depression or visvers
Term
bipolar II
Definition
low depressions, but only reach hypomania
Term
cyclothymia
Definition
swing between hypomania and dysthymic, long periods of time
Term
biological contributing factors to mood disorders
Definition
if 1 monoz twin has, 70% other will. neurotransmitter systems involved. likely polygenetic
Term
cognitive contributing factors to mood disorders
Definition
making global, stable, internal attributions to neg. aspects of life (unloveable, stupid, automatic neg thought). cog therapies are the most successful
Term
life stress contributing factors to mood disorders
Definition
loss is a huge trigger, interpersonal/relationship difficulties, pos. life stress can precipitate mania (esp if sleep disturbed), stress generation (symptoms cause interpersonal problems->cycle)
Term
delusion
Definition
exaggerated, rigidly held belief that has little or no basis in fact
Term
hallucination
Definition
false perception lacking sensory basis, produced by drugs, fatigue, sensory deprivation. auditory associated w psychotic disorders
Term
climatotherapy
Definition
suggest patient move to different climate to avoid seasonal affective disorder
Term
monoamine theory
Definition
depression is related to reduction in activity of monoamine neurotrans. noepinephrine/serotonin in specific regions of brain. supported by effectiveness of drugs that increase these nts
Term
biomedical treatment
Definition
bio factors can be maintaining a depression even if triggered by environment; lithium for biopolar, antipsychotics of schizophrenia, anti depressants (SSRIs, tricyclics) for depression
Term
psychoanalyst treatment
Definition
source of problem is unconscious->free associate to make it conscious
Term
behaviorist treatment
Definition
source of prob is bad conditioning->extinguish undesirable behavior, shape new behavior
Term
cognitive treatment
Definition
source of prob is neg expectations/beliefs->replace maladaptive ways of thinking with therapy- very effective for depression
Term
randomized clinical trials
Definition
rule out spontaneous remission-use control group. for ex compare new drug to another- control is treatment as usual
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
pooling of results from many studies- reveals that psychotherapy sig. better than no treatment, results are quick & effects enduring. shows little diff bt diff forms of therapy
Term
spec. treatments for schizo | phobias | depression | panic disorder
Definition
family psychoed (fam becomes treatment team) | exposure | cog. therapy, interpersonal therapy | interoceptive exposure (exposure to physiological arousal)
Term
technical eclecticism
Definition
not rigidly sticking to one school of treatment- more use of meds, shorter duration of treatment. largely dictated by insurance
Term
biggest trend in treatment currently
Definition
move towards evidence-based medicine (sci. based efficacy)
Term
covariation principle
Definition
howard kelley: attributions about ppl's behavior based on situation, persons involved, stimuli toward which behavior directed
Term
distinctiveness | consistency | consensus
Definition
of covariation principle: does behavior occur in other settings? | does it occur in response to same stimuli in other occasions? | do others behave this way?
Term
implicit attitudes
Definition
may be socially undesirable, influence behavior w/out one's knowledge
Term
implicit association test
Definition
measures strength of associations bt groups based on "good" & "bad"
Term
ethology | sociobiology
Definition
study of evolution of animal behavior, including that of humans | biology subtopic-to understand biological factors under social behavior
Term
frustration-aggression hypothesis
Definition
aggression is always a consequence of frustration, frustration always leads to aggression. later modified (miller): frustration leads to several responses of which aggression is one
Term
panic disorder
Definition
4+ attacks/month- overwhelming terror that can -> suicide attempt, feeling of unreality/depersonalization- often w/ symptoms of agoraphobia
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
intense fear of places/situations where escape might be difficult/help unavailable
Term
social phobia
Definition
fear of performing some specific behavior in front of others- avoidance of authority figures
Term
post traumatic stress disorder
Definition
reliving event, avoidance of stiumuli associated w/ event, increased arousal or numbing of general responsiveness
Term
mutism | echolalia
Definition
schizophrenia- inability to utter a ound for hours/days | repeating verbatim what heard
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