Term
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Definition
anthropos--”human”
logos--”word” or “study of”, therefore “study of humankind” |
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Term
| Subfields of Biological Anthropology |
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Definition
| Human Biology, Primatology, Molecular Anthropology Palepathology, Forensic Anthropology, Skeletal Biology and Osteology, Paleoanthropology |
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Term
| Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection |
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Definition
1 - Organisms vary.
2 - Variation is heritable.
3 - Some variations more advantageous to a particular environment.
4 - Organisms with those are favored.
5 - They will have more offspring.
6 - Offspring resemble parents
7 - More of that trait in the next
generation than in the previous. |
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Term
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Definition
| garden variety cell with 23 paired chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| sex cell with 23 single chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a somatic cell reproduces, doubling the strands of the 46 chromosomes, then dividing into two cells with 46 single stranded chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division of sex cells to reproduce 4 sex cells each with 23 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
mRNA in the cytoplasm goes to ribosome and translated three bases at a time into condons, which form amino acids. The resulting chain of amino acids becomes the protein that
defines the phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in the nucleus where DNA unzips and is transcribed into mRNA. A->U, C<->G, T->A. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p + q = 1
Where p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
p2 = frequency of homozygote dominant
2pq = frequency of heterozygote
q2 = frequency of homozygote recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that aids in digestion of milk. |
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Term
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Definition
• Pentydactyly (5 digits)
• Nails not claws (mostly)
• Clavicle
• De-emphasize olfaction
– Snout shortens,
– whiskers reduce etc
• Emphasize Vision
– Orbital closure or bar
– Orbital frontality
– Stereoscopic vision
– Color vision
• Brain enlarges (size & folding)
•Single births (mostly)
•Single pair mammary
glands |
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Term
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Definition
A gradation of features from north to south or east to west etc. along some
geographic gradient |
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Term
| Biological concept of race |
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Definition
Races are NOT discrete,
they are continuous. There are an infinite # in any given species |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease sunlight = decrease skin pigmentation.
Increase sunlight = increase skin pigmentation |
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Term
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Definition
With lower temperature,
surface area to volume ratio decreases
(less surface area for a given volume). Larger animals have higher surface area to volume ratio and radiate less heat--stay warmer in cold climates. The inverse is also true. |
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Term
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Definition
With lower temperature,
appendage length decreases. In cold climates, it is not advantageous to have long appendages because it increases the surface area to volume ratio, allowing for greater loss of heat. Ex- polar bears don't have long tails. |
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Term
| Three types of adaptation |
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Definition
| Genetic: Biologically heritable, Functional: non heritable, Cultural: socially heritable. |
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Term
| Strepsirhini (types and defining features) |
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Definition
Types: lemurs, lorises, aye-ayes,
Defining features:
1. moist rhinarium, split lip
2. partial orbital closure
3. tooth comb
4. an unfused mandible
5. grooming claws |
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Term
| Differences in skull between Anthropoids and Strepsirhines |
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Definition
Anthropoids: short rostrum (snout), orbital closure, nails instead of claws, fused mandible, fused frontal bone.
Strepsirhini: Post orbital bar w/ no closure, deep temporal fossa, unfused mandible and frontal bone, grooming claws, tooth comb. |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, occipital. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in which only a single base has been changed resulting in production of either a different amino acid or the same depending on the particular condon. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in which a base is either inserted into or deleted from the sequence, resulting in either a different amino acid chain or a premature stop sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the social group size and composition change throughout the year with different activities and situations. This is the social pattern typical of chimpanzees. A moderate degree of sexual dimorphism is seen in these groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 male per female and 1 female per male, very little sexual dimorphism is seen in these groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 female for multiple males, female is often slightly larger than the males in size. Very rare and seen only in a few groups like tamarins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple females for a single male, sexual dimorphism is very high in these groups because of inter-male competition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of apes that includes humans, chimpanzees, oragnutans, and gorillas. |
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Term
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Definition
| [(Humerus + Radius) / (Femur + Tibia)] x 100. If the ratio is well over 100, the primate has longer arms than legs and is probably suspensory, if it's well under 100, they are likely leapers, whereas a close to 100 ratio indicates they are quadrupedal. |
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