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| Puritan; supported by Army, executes Charles I, proclaims republic, and becomes "Lord Protector" of England. Suppression of Catholics in Ireland, closes pubs. |
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| right granted to lords & nobles to hold Protestant services in his own household. Allowed Protestantism in towns where it was the prevailing form of worship, but barred it from Catholic episcopal towns and from a zone surrounding and including the city of Paris. Supposed to give Protestants equal rights to those of Catholics. |
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| Colbert-- mercantilist economic development policies & infastructural development under Louis XIV; attempt to strengthen national economy. |
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| Helped Louis XIV with the development of France; mercantilism, Commercial Code for the convenience of business, improved communications by building roads and canals. Tariff union discouraged trade--every time crossed a border, taxed. |
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| Difference between Lutheranism & Calvanism |
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| Lutheranism: Martin Luther-- believed people did not "earn" grace by doing good; they did the good because they possessed the grace of God. His "95 Theses" launched the Protestant Reformation. Support for the established social & political order under kings; princes that embrace Lutheranism; Believed God was actually present in the bread and wine used in service. Calvanism: John Calvin-- Calvin regarded win and break to be a symbolic ceremony. Calvin made far more of the idea of predestination. Believed there were an "elect" few who had the grace, or predestination to be saved. Differed in attitude toward the state; refused to recognize subordination of church to state or right of govn't to lay down laws for religion. Also, true Christians should Christianize the state. |
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| Means of carrying on some type of gon't at the lowest level (per household/manor) when no state govn't existed. Peasants owed portion of produce to lord of manor, received protection from bandits in return. Highley decentralized government, aristocratic rule. |
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| An economic philosophy opposite of mercantilism; individuals should be free to pursue their economic interests. Belief in free market, support for free trade & low or no tariffs. Laissez faire attitude. Adam Smith, promoter of economic liberalism, wrote "The Wealth of Nations" |
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| Part of longer-term trends in Science & Philosophy, observation of nature, logic & reason, freedom of thought & tolerance, progress & change, confidence in modern man & his/her achievements, natural law. Economics: Liberalism. Religion: demand for freedom. Politics & Society: seperation of power, checks & balances (Montesquieu). Only spread to bourgeoisie because they were literate. |
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| Consequences of the Enlightenment |
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| Rebellion against illiberal monarchy, aristocracy, established Church (had to pay taxes to it whether they believed or not); equal civil rights & citizenship; laissez faire. |
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| rational design of political institutions, w/ separation of powers to check abuse & strengthen the state. |
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| Social Contract (general will) |
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| 13th Century Western Europe; little/no long-distance trade; simple agrarian, local economies based on barter. Great inequality among 4 social strata, no central government. |
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| Martin Luther; selling of indulgences, or buying forgiveness. Church used this $, for ex. to build St. Peter's |
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| split between Rome & Constantinople; split church into E. Orthodox Church & Roman Catholic Church |
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| Charles I wanted $ from people, but had to go through Parliament to get it. When they didn't do everything he wanted them to, he disbanded them. |
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| Henry VIII & Anglican Church |
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| broke away from Anglican Church because he wanted a divorce. Created Church of England (protestant). |
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| Prussia [out of Poland] basically an army. |
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| Inherited Portuguese throne (already leader of Spain, Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples, Americas)& from 1581-1640 Portugal was a part of Spain. Cannot have a centralized government w/ an empire that large. |
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| Century of Gold in Spain. Did not lead to Spanish economic growth because Spaniards did not use the money well. (petrified in wall of cathedrals, etc.)Also the cost of wars impoverished Spain. |
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| The War of the Spanish Succession 1702-1715 |
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| establishes Bourbon Dynasty; centralized state model triumphs |
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| Referendum on Self-Determination |
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| 2008 Basque Regional Government calls for this referendum; If Basque would have won election, they would have asked Basque people if they wanted to secede. Lost, but shows national identity. |
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| 1688; Overthrow of James II, his daughter Mary (wife of William of Orange[Protestant])asked to assume throne. Partnership between Parliament and the Crown. |
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| The Bill of Rights & the Toleration Act |
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| Bill of Rights enacted by Parliament, no law could be suspended by king, no taxes raised or army maintained except by parliamentary consent, no one could be arrested and detained w/out legal processes. Toleration Act allowed Protestant Dissenters to practice their religion but still excluded them from political life & public service. |
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| 1701; no Catholics could be King of England |
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| Late 18th Century Scotland |
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| initially supports Stuart kings & pretenders, but rebellions suppressed; creation of UK in 1707 facilitated by compromises (national religion in Scotland [Presbytarianism], own legal system, participate in int'l trade). |
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| Late 18th Century Ireland |
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| Remains Catholic, Migration of Protestants from Scotland & invasion under Cromwell inposes Protestant aristocracy on exploited Catholic peasants; fierce repression of Catholics/Irish. |
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| UK of Great Britain & Ireland 1801-1922 |
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| Catholics not allwed to sit in Parliament, not allowed to send Catholic children to [Catholic?] schools, Catholic teachers couldn't teach, couldn't lease/own land. |
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| broke out of rule under England |
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| Religious Fight in Ireland |
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| Protestants wanted to remain part of UK; Irish nationalists, Catholics, wanted Republic (still fought over today) |
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| Lateran Council of 1059 supports Pope Gregory VII's termination of Emperor's ability to appoint bishops |
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| Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Emperor Henry IV in 1075, then humiliates him in 1077 at Canossa. |
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| 1356 requires election of Emperor |
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| rebel against established social & political order, & call for more revolutionary change in society |
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| whatever religion was adopted by local price would become official and compulsory religion for all residing in his territory. |
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| 1554;came from fear of false Christians-- torture to extort confessions |
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| the 1648 treaties of Munster and Osnabruck, 2 German states. Renewed the terms of the Peace of Ausburg, also added Lutheranism, Calvanism, & Catholocism as acceptable faiths. Established sovereignty of states, effectively ending HRE in 1648. |
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| 4 Conflicts: The Bohemian revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, the French intervention |
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| Norman invader (10,000) subordinate British aristocracy & seize their lands; heavy taxes imposed by William (William the Conquerer who stepped in after harold left)on the aristocracy. Under Henry I & Henry II England gains much territory in France. |
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| aristocratic rebellion against King John I forces him t osign this document, including protections against monarchial abuses of power; a "nation contract" lays groundwork for collaborative relationship. |
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| between Lancasters & Yorks; private armies & rebellions suppressed; effective state courts established |
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| establishes Church of England (replaces church of Rome); balance of power shifts from aristocracy to monarchs |
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| triggered by imposition of taxes w/out parliamentary approval & by efforts to impose Anglicanism on Presbyterian Scots; Cromwell executes Charles I & proclaims republic; violent suppresion of Catholics (begins in Ireland), |
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| Islaic Kingdoms rule culturally and religiously missed populations (Christians allowed to practice still); culturally, technologically advanced. |
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| Leonardo da Vinci "Mona Lisa" |
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| Printing press made sheet music possible, instruments no longer inferior to voice |
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| Francisco de Zurbarian-- people in devoted stance harsh light on one side, dark contrast on other. |
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| 1600-1650; Polychoral: instrumental & vocal elements broken up into almost competing choirs |
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| classical forms & structures, Roman columns & arches, attention to shape/layout of buildings & other architecture (plazas like Piazzza del Campidoglio), St. Peter's Basilica (burst of light above chair of St. Peter), gold, highlly ornamented. Baroque altar in Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. |
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| Buckingham Palace, Azulejos (blue tiles) |
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| over the top, fat cherubs, pastels |
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| good painters during 1700-1750, basically created postcard paintings. Hogarth's artwork like comic strip-- "Marriage a la mode: The Marriage Arranged. |
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| a drama set to music & performed on stage, w/ text sung by actors |
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| No aria (strongly voiced solo), Semi-sung semi-spoken, alt. w/ orchestral interludes & choral passages. |
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| Opera By mid 18th Century |
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| Elaborate arias, duets, ensembles, lavish staging & costumes, lyrical melodic lines, talent |
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| Problems of early 18th cent. Opera |
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| plots complicated, unrealistic, singers couldn't act, no action on stage |
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| regarded as best artist of this time; huge canvas, massive scope of battle, shows chivalry; "The Surrender of Breda"; Spaniard handing other guy key to city |
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| calm, balanced, realistic, stately, elgant |
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| emotion, tension, sense of anxiety, elongated proportions & sometimes serpentine poses, bizarre sometimes acid colors, illogical compression of space, contorted position of central character, no sense of exaggeration; Jose de Ribera |
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| no single style or school; massive, dynamic, brilliantly colorful, theatrical & passionate, extravagant; "The Lion Hunt"-- super-heroic role played by individuals |
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| Proto-Reniassance (15th cent) |
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| realistic proportions, attempt at 3D, replacement of mythical or religious figures by real people; "Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin", "The Virtues, Peace Fortitude, & Prudence", "Portrait of a Young Man" |
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| "Baroque light"; lots of ornamentation, but no heavy obtrusive statues like gargoyles; busy, lots of gold |
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| bright, pastel colors, cutesy, pretty imagery |
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| 2nd 1/2 of 18th Cen.: rejection of the excess ornamentation of Baroque & Rococo, return to "classic" forms of the past; emphasis on columns & arches. Pantehon in Paris, White House in DC; in England called Georgian style. |
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| Heroes of Greece, political themes, painting style looks like Rococo, but if looking at themes, neoclassic; "The Blue Boy" |
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| Francisco de Goya y Lucientes |
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| Father of Modern Art (started w/ Rococo, progressed to realist); painted King Charles III, & King Charles III's Family, La Maja Vestida/Desnuda; risty |
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| balance, retraint, purity of line & form, standardized structures |
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| invented modern symphony; Sonata form (same order of writing a paper) |
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| began in 8th century; Christian re-conquest; Galicia quickly reconquered, Kingdom of Leon in 10th Cent. Leon became Christian capital; Coimbra, capital of Portugal conquered in early 12th cent., Toledo in 1086, S. of Portugal & w. Andalucia 13th cent., Granada falls in 1492 where had been Moorish control for over 700 years |
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| Portugal (homogeneous nation-state); Castilla y Leon; Aragon (strong aristocracy); Ferdinand (King of Aragon) & Isabelle (Queen of Castile) marry in 1469 |
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| Flourishing of Notre Dame School of New Art, development of rhythm, fluid melodic lines |
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| Peter Brugel the Elder "The Harvesters", attention to fine detail |
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| Islamic Kingdoms rule culturally & religiously mixed populations (Christians allowed to practice still); culturally, tech. advanced |
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| State-Building; Why the Holy Roman Empire Failed |
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| Spread out, couldn't control bc so large (Peace of Westphalia gave German princes soveirgnty in their areas); lacked ability to enforce law, decentralized, no state army (mercenary army unpaid); undermined from below by aristocracy, weakened from above by Church meddling & torn apart by wars of religion; multiple languages, conflicts between Pope and Emperor (investitiure crisis, Encounter @ Canossa) |
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| Why state-building in France was successful |
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| aristocracy suboordinate to the King (Louis XIV); he built Versailles which distracted nobles. Paid armed forces, strong, centralized govn't, common language, Edict of Nantes (sort of religious tolerance) (Henry IV); Henry IV mercantilism (everybody cont. to economy), Louis XIV did things to mke country better (roads, canals) & got help from Colbert; Enlightenment-- ideas that helped state-building like economic liberalism; Rischeleui got rid of forts that don't belong to King to maintain centralization; Council of Trent |
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| could appoint own Bishops |
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| though Castille y leon favors a centralized government and does well, Aragon does not favor a centralized government & destroys it |
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| State-Building in England |
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| butting of heads between Charles I & parliament (they want democratic govn't w/ power spread out, he believes in Divine Right of Kings); William Conquerer took land from nobles gave to Normans, and taxed them. Hires professional army, heavy taxes on Aristocracy, King and aristocracy work together (National Contract); small, so easy to be centralized, power of Roman Catholic Church was wiped out early, James I tried to make absolutism happen in England but England wouldn't allow it. |
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| Pierre led this to keep people in control; killed anyone who opposed him, marie Antoinette beheaded, Nobles rebelled w/ Pierre because didn't like absolutist government, Bougoise also w/ him |
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