Term
|
Definition
use of an ethnic label such as African American or latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than really is.
60 latinos vs. 60 latinos that were mexican american |
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Term
| eclectic theoretical orientation |
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Definition
| an orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach, but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through life span |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change. |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves the extent to which development is influenced by nature(biological) or nurture(environmental) |
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Term
| continuity vs discontinuity |
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Definition
| debate focuses on the degree to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity) |
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Term
|
Definition
| describe development by primary unconscious and heavily colored by emotions. behavior is symbolic workings of the mind and has to analyzed to understand it. Early experiences with parents are emphasized. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that purposes 8 stages of human development. each stage is a unique development task that confronts a crisis that must be resolved |
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Term
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Definition
| that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development |
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Term
| information-processing theory |
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Definition
| that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. process of memory and thinking are central to this theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| which holds the view that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factor in development |
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Term
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Definition
| stressing that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical/sensitive periods |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory |
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Definition
| the theory focuses on 5 environmental systems; micro, meso, exo, macro, and chrono |
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Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior, evolution helps explain human physical and behavioral features |
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Term
|
Definition
-threadlike structures made up of DNA
-units of hereditary info composed of DNA
-complex molecule that contains genetic info and shape dbl helix |
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Term
mitosis
meiosis
fertilization
Zygote |
|
Definition
-cell nucleus duplicates
-cell division form gametes
-egg and sperm form a zygote
-a single cell formed through fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
-all of one's genetic makeup
-observable charateristics |
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Term
down syndrome
klinefelter syndrome
fragile X syndrome |
|
Definition
-form of mental retardation caused by 2 copies of chromosome 21
-males have extra X chromosome causes physical adnormalities
-abnormal x chromosome which breaks off, leading to mental retardation, learning disabilities, short attention span |
|
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Term
turner's syndrome
XYY syndrome |
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Definition
-either an X chromo is missing or part of one is deleted, mental retardation and sexual underdevelopment
-which a male has and extra Y, making them above average height |
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|
Term
what are the gene linked abnormalities?
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Definition
| PKU, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, huntington disease, spina bifida, tay-sachs |
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|
Term
What are the 3 types of genotype environments
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|
Definition
passive- parents provide/guide child's interests
evocative- traits elicit adult response
active(niche-picking)- child seeks/select favorable environment |
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Term
| shared vs non-shared environmental experiences in regard to genetic environmental studies |
|
Definition
shared-sibling's common experiences
non-shared-child's own unique experiences in/outside the home.
twin studies- use this concept
adoption studies- help with bio parent and adoptive parent |
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Term
| what are the important factors with the epigenetic view? |
|
Definition
-development is ongoing
-bi-directional interchange of heredity/environment
-infancy +/- environment experiences can modify genetic activity |
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Term
| What is the course of prenatal development? |
|
Definition
germinal-creation of fertilized egg
embryonic-cell differentiation of embryo
fetal-last for 7 months, 3 trimesters brain develops |
|
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Term
| what develops in the embryonic stage? |
|
Definition
-endoderm-digestive/respiratory
-ectoderm- nervous system, sensory receptors
-mesoderm- circulatory, bones, muscles, excretory, and reproductive system
organagenesis: organ formation
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|
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Term
| what is the brain development for a fetus? |
|
Definition
-100 billion neurons(nerve cells)
-neural tube formed from ectoderm
-neurogenesis new cells formed
-neuronal migration cell specialization |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the prenatal diagnostic test? |
|
Definition
-ultrasound sonography
-fetal MRI
-chorionic villus sampling (placenta)
-amniocentesis (amniotic fluid)
-maternal blood screening
-noninvasive parental diagnosis(NIPD)- fetal cells in mothers bd |
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Term
|
Definition
any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavior outcome
drugs, psychoactive drugs, diet ect... |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of birth? |
|
Definition
-uterine contraction
-baby's head is on the move enters birth canal
-afterbirth |
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|
Term
| What are the different methods of childbirth? |
|
Definition
-natural (non-medicated) breathing relaxtion
-prepared lamaze method
-cesarean surgical procedure |
|
|
Term
| What are the methods of assessing a newborn? |
|
Definition
-apgar scale- heart, reflexes and color
-Brazelton(BNBAS)- neurological competence
-NNNS neonatal icu network neurobehavioral scale
analysis of behavior,neurological/stress responses, and regulatory capacites |
|
|
Term
low birth weight
preterm
small for date |
|
Definition
-less than 5 1/2 lbs (VL-less 3lbs, EL- less 2lbs)
-born in 35 wks or less after conception
-birth weight below normal for gestational age |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the ways to nurture preterm infants? |
|
Definition
-kangaroo care( skin-skin contact) which helps to
stabilizing body functions, better sleep,weight gain and alertness
-massage therapy
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|
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Term
| what are the patterns of growth? |
|
Definition
-cephalocaudal which the fastest growth occurs at the top and gradual to bottom
proximodistal- center of body outward to extremities |
|
|
Term
| growth hormone deficiency |
|
Definition
| absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by pituitary gland |
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Term
| What is puberty? for girls/boys |
|
Definition
-period of rapid physical/hormonal changes
physical changes
-girls menarche, hips widen, body hair onset 9-15
-boys first ejaculation, grow taller,body hair onset 10-17 |
|
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Term
| what are the hormonal changes in regard to puberty? |
|
Definition
-powerful chemicals from endocrine glands
hypothalamus- eating/sexual R
pituitary gland- controls growth,regulates galnd
gonads- male testes, female ovaries
gonadotropins- stimulates testes/ovaries |
|
|
Term
| what are the hormones that dramatically increase in adolescence? |
|
Definition
testosterone- voice change, genital growth(male)
estradiol- estrogen for breast growth (female)
onset affects social competence
behavior and moods can affect hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the sexual changes that occur in middle adulthood? |
|
Definition
-climacteric- fertility declines
-menopause menstrual periods cease
males do not lose fertility |
|
|
Term
lateralization
myelination |
|
Definition
-specialization of functions in one hemisphere of cerebral cotex
-process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath. |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain continue to grow in adolescence |
|
Definition
-corpus callosum axon fibers thicken
-prefrontal cortex increase reasoning, decision making and self control
-amygdala seat of emotion, matures earlier
link btwn volume/duration of aggressive behavior toward parents |
|
|
Term
| What is the generation of new neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the term of the maximum # of years an individual can live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hayfilick's theory that the maximum # of times human cells can divide is about 75-80 called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which theory states that ppl age b/c when their cells metabolize energy, they generate waste that includes unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which theory states that aging is caused by the decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth and repair |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which theory states that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what powerful chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands and carried through the body by the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
charles nelson
laurence steinberg
stanley rapaport
leonard hayflick |
|
Definition
-nelson strides in infancy brain development
-steinberg brain development in limbic system
-rapaport aging brain can adapt
-hayflick cellular clock theory |
|
|
Term
| What disorder involves extensive loss of bone tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurological disorder primary symptom is deterioration of mental functioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what brain disorder is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory,reasoning, language, and eventually physical function? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What chronic progressive disease is characterized by muscle tremors, slowing movements and partial facial paralysis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What serve malnutrition is due to insufficient caloric intake? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What serve malnutrition is due to lack of protein in which creates an excessive liquid build up in the abdomen and legs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which eating disorder involves relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which eating disorder involves consistently binge and purge eating pattern |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of exercise is sustained activity that stimulates heat and lung functioning? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what disorder is characterized by slow onset and long duration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ellen Langer
Judith Rodin
Ernesto Pollitt
Lloyd Johnston |
|
Definition
-Rodin and Langer nursing home patient feeling more in control lived longer then those who didn't.
- protein supplements and increase caloric intake had long-term effects on cognitive delvelopment
-monitored the drug use of America's high school seniors private/public |
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|
Term
| What theory explains how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when we have a built in stimuli? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what are some characteristics of reflexes? |
|
Definition
-governs newborn's movement
-genetically carried survival mech
-allow adaptation to environment
-provides opportunity to learn |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main reflexes with newborns? |
|
Definition
sucking
rooting
moro
grasping |
|
|
Term
| describe the 4 main reflexes of newborns |
|
Definition
sucking- automatic sucking object placed in mouth
rooting- reaction when cheek is stroked or side of mouth is touched
moro-startled response in reaction to sudden, intense movement or noise
grasping- something touches palms;response to grasp tightly |
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|
Term
| skills that involve large muscle activities |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| skills that involves finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| opportunities to interact with objects within one's capabilities |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a view that ppl directly perceive info in the world around them, perception brings ppl in contact w/environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the interpretation of sensation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| decrease response to stimuli |
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Definition
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|
Term
| recovery of habituated response |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what method determines whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring length of time they attend to different stimuli |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| recognition that object remains the same even through the retinal image changes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| recognition that object remains the same even through the orientation changes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| thinking eye lens that causes vision to become cloudy,opaque distorted |
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Definition
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|
Term
| damage to optic nerve b/c of pressure created by buildup fluid in eye |
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Definition
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|
Term
| involves deterioration of the retina |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing |
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Definition
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|
Term
| actions or mental representations that organize knowledge |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| incorporate new information or experience into existing knowledge schemes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| adjust existing schemes to take in new information and experiences |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| explanation of cognitive shift from stage of thought to another |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cognitive conflict motivation for change |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| resolve conflict through assimilation and accommodation to reach a new balance of thought |
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Definition
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|
Term
| understanding the object still exist when not seen,heard, touched |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather then a new hiding place |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what stage is experiences and biology combine; concepts of object permanence, habits |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what stage is symbolic thinking reflective of use of words and images |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what stage has logical reasoning about concrete events, concepts of conservation, classification, serial ordering |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what stage has abstract thinking, logical, hypothetical reasoning, idealistic |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they had done only physically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what substage does the young child gain the ability to represent mentally an object that is not present |
|
Definition
| symbolic function substage |
|
|
Term
| what is it when the person has the inability to distinguish btwn one's own and someone's else perspective |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is it called when the child gives lifelike qualities to an inanimate object |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what substage use primitive reasoning to seek answers to sort all of questions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| focusing attention on one characteristic to exclusion of all others |
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Definition
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|
Term
| object or substance amt stays same regardless of changing appearance |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (length) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What cognitive ability can be used to develop hypotheses and systematically find best way to solve problem |
|
Definition
| hypothetical-deductive reasoning |
|
|
Term
| belief that others are interested in them as they are in themselves and sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| involves feeling one is the center of attention and sensing that one is one stage |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| involves sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| range of task too difficult for child to master alone; can be mastered w/ guidance and assistance from more-skilled person |
|
Definition
| ZDP zone of proximal development |
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|
Term
| changing level of support over course of a teaching session to fit child's current performance level; dialogue is important tool |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an emphasis on the social contexts of learning and construction of knowledge through social interation |
|
Definition
| social constructivist approach |
|
|
Term
| what is when a person is focusing by using mental resources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when a person can concentration on more than one activity at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when a person has the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of attention does a person have when can focus on action planning, goals, error and compensation, monitoring and unknown |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What approach analyzes the ways ppl process information about their world by manipulating, monitoring, creating strategies.
the effectiveness involves attention, memory and thinking |
|
Definition
| information-processing approach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
encoding
automaticity
strategy construction
metacognition |
|
|
Term
-process which info gets into memory
-ability to process info with little or no effort
-creation of new procedures for processing info
-knowing about knowing |
|
Definition
-encoding
-automaticity
-strategy construction
-metacognition |
|
|
Term
| what attention requires the focus in the same object or event |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| retention of information over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What theory states that ppl mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a mental frameworks that organize concepts and information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is memory without conscious recollection- memories and skills that are performed automatically |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| memory that is conscious of facts and experiences |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| retention of information for up to 15-30 seconds, without rehearsal of the information |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a mental workbench for manipulating and assembling information |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| engaging in more extensive processing of information use of examples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
two types of memory representation
verbatim memory trace- precise details
gist- central idea of information |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| retention of information about the where and when of events |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| one's knowledge about world including field of expertise |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the ability to remember where something is learned |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| remembering to do something in the future |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| manipulating and transforming information in memory, in order to reason, reflect, evaluate ideas and solve problems, and make decisions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| involves grasping the deeper meaning of ideas, keeping an open mind, and deciding for oneself what to believe or do |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ability to solve problems and to adapt to and learn form experiences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an individual's level of mental development relative to others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sternberg's theory that intelligence consist of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intellience |
|
Definition
| triarchic theory of intelligence |
|
|
Term
| the ability to perceive and express emotions accurately and adaptively, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, to use feelings to facilitate thought, and to manage emotions in oneself and others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion of the variance in a population that is attributed to genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an intelligence test that are intended to not be culturally biased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anxiety that one's behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gesell's assessment of infants which is an overall development score that combines subscores on motor, language, adaptive, and personal social domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| widely used scale for assessing infant development |
|
Definition
| bayley scales of infant development |
|
|
Term
| individual's accumulated information and verbal skills, which continues to increase with age, according Horn |
|
Definition
| crystallized intelligence |
|
|
Term
| ability to reason abstractly, which begins to decline in middle adulthood Horn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hardware of the mind, speed and accuracy of processes involved in sensory input |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| culture-based software of the mind reading/writing, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, knowledge about self and life skills can improve with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition of limited mental ability
low IQ
difficulty adapting to everyday life
onset age 18 |
|
|
Term
| having high intelligence or superior talent for something |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ability to think in novel and unusual ways and devise unique, good solutions to problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thinking that produces many answers to the same question;characteristics of creativity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the kind of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| technique which individual are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a form of communication based on system of symbols
written, spoken, signed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability to produce endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sound system sounds used and hoe they may be combined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| units of meaning involved in word formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meaning of words and sentences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| appropriate use of language in different context |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the use of short, precise words w/o grammatical markers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection btwn a word and its referent so quickly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an approach that stresses that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. should be whole and meaningful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an approach that emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an area of the brain left frontal lobe that is involved in producing words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of the brain's left frontal hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a loss or impairment of language processing results from damage to broca's or wernicke's area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| that enables children to detect certain features and rules of language |
|
Definition
| language acquisition device lad |
|
|
Term
| language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rephrasing a statement that a child has said either into a question or a grammatically correct sentence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| restating in a linguistically sophisticated form, what the child has said |
|
Definition
|
|
