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| learning that certain events occur together. |
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| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and perpares for the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
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| the initial stage of learning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response |
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| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
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| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if follwed by phunishemnt. |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
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| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed bye unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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| Skinner box: used in operant conditioning |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. |
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| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological nee: getting food or being relieved of electric shock |
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| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological nee: getting food or being relieved of electric shock |
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| conditioned reinforcer: secondary reinforcer |
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| a stimulus taht gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer: money, good grades, a word of praise... |
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| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but a much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
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| in operant conditioning, a schedule of reninforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
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| in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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| in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
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| learning that occurs but isnot apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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| the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. |
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| learning by observing others |
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| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
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| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. |
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