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| Neurons (Parts and Function) |
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| Brain cell with extensions for receiving and transmitting electrical signals. Neurons fire with all their power or they don’t fire at all. |
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The study of the function rather than the structure consciousness, was interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment.
o First textbook by William James |
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The study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and
perceptions that make up our conscious mental experiences.
o First lab established by Wilhelm Wundt |
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| a gap between sending neuron and receiving neuron. |
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| band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. |
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| emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in direction their own future, a large capacity for personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth, and enormous potential for self-fulfillment |
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| examines on how we process, store and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe and feel. |
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| examines the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on the psychological and social functioning of a culture’s members |
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| extension attached to the dendrite, has branching terminal fibers (buttons) that transmit impulses to other neurons. |
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| extension that receive the message |
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| fatty covering over the axon that protects and increase the speed of neural impulses. |
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| focuses on how our genes, hormones and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions and coping techniques. |
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| having a strong belief or making a statement about a future behavior and then acting, usually unknowingly, to fulfill or carry out the behavior. |
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| large, egg-shaped structure that provides fuel, manufactures chemicals and maintains the entire neuron in working order. |
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| located at the extreme ends of the axon’s branch. Stores chemicals (neurotransmitters) that are used to communicate with neighboring cells. |
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o Involved with personality, emotions, paying attention, making decisions, executing plans and motor behaviors.
o Located in the front part of the brain, includes a large area of the cortex. |
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| studies how evolutionary ideas, such as adaptation and natural selection explain human behaviors and mental process. |
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systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
• Explain the causes of behavior
• Predict how organism behave in certain situations
• Control an organisms behavior |
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| using differing approaches to study the same behavior |
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• Action potential – brief electrical charge generated by movement of charged particles (Na, K, Cl) in and out of axons membranes (ranging from 2 – 200+ mph)
• Threshold – level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response
• Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers which travel across the synapse. |
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• Central Nervous System – made up of neurons located in the brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous System – made up of nerves which are located throughout the body (except in the brain and spinal cord)
o Somatic Nervous System - controls voluntary movement
o Autonomic Nervous System – controls involuntary processes
Sympathetic Nervous System – arousing/ fight of flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System – calming/puts body back in control |
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• Curved structure inside the temporal lobe.
• Involved in saving many kinds of fleeting memories by putting them into permanent storage in various parts of the brain. |
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• Describe the different ways that organisms behave.
• Explain the causes of behavior
• Predict how organism behave in certain situations
• Control an organisms behavior |
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• Functions as a bridge to transmit messages between the spinal cord and brain.
• Also makes the chemical involved in sleep. |
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• In-depth analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors or problems of a single individual
• One disadvantage of a case study is that its detailed information about a particular person may not apply to other people.
• One advantage of a case study is that its detailed information allows greater understanding of a particular person’s life |
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• Located at the top of the spinal cord
• Controls vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. |
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| Cerebellum (little brain) |
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• Located at the very back and underneath of the brain.
• Involved in coordinating motor movements but not in initiating voluntary movements.
• Involved in performing timed motor responses. |
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• Located in the left frontal lobe
• Necessary for combing sounds into words and arranging words into meaningful sentences. |
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• Located in the left temporal lobe
• Necessary for speaking in coherent sentences and for understanding. |
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• Located in the lower middle part of the brain.
• Part of the limbic system.
• Often called the control center of the endocrine system.
• Regulates many motivational behaviors (eating, drinking, sexual responses), emotional behaviors (arousing the bodies fight or flight response) and secretes hormones (such as occurs at puberty)
• Controls much of the endocrine system by regulating the pituitary gland. |
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• Located in the tip of the temporal lobe.
• Part of the limbic system.
• Receives input from all senses.
• Has a major role in evaluating the emotional significance of stimuli and facial expressions, especially those involving fear, distress or threat. |
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• Narrow strip of cortex located on the back edge of the frontal lobe and extends down its side.
• Involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements.
• The right motor cortex controls the left side and vice versa. |
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• Obtaining information by asking individuals to answer a fixed set of questions about a particular subject.
• One disadvantage is that such information can contain errors or be biased because people may not remember to answer accurately or truthfully
• One advantage is that it is an efficient way to obtain much information from a large number of people |
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• Part of the limbic system.
• Involved in receiving sensory information, doings some initial processing and then relaying the sensory information to areas of the cortex. |
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• Provide scaffolding to guide the growth of developing neurons and support mature neurons.
• Wrap around neurons to form insulation to prevent interference from other electrical signals.
• Release chemicals that influence a neuron’s growth and function.
• Uncontrolled growth of glial cells results in brain cancer. |
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• Psychologist is usually someone that has completed 4 to 5 years of postgrad education and has obtained a PhD in psychology
• Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has spent several years in clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors, often with prescription drugs. |
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