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| process of the source transforming thought to message (organizing message) |
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| process of the listener co creating meaning |
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| the speaker and listener co create the meaning |
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| verbal and non verbal symbols |
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| the medium through which the speaker sends the message |
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| what do you want the audience to learn? |
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| verbal and nonverbal response the listener gives the speaker |
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| Types of Interference/ Noice |
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| External, Internal, and Speaker Generated |
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| includes anything that influences the speaker, the audience, or the occasion |
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| refers specifically to the circumstances that call for the speech |
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| using vivid language, using transition words/phrases, enumeration, repetition, and parallelism |
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| involves word choices and structure that help speakers achieve their speech purpose |
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| the techniques of language usage that are one component of style |
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| a type of signpost that numbers, the points step,s or subsequent ideas |
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| repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences. |
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| repeating same sounds usually hard constants in words or syllables in the same sentence |
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| the arrangement of words or phrases in similar grammatical form. Important points are emphasized as the repeated sentence structure creates a rhythm |
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| setting off opposite sides |
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| analogies, similes,personification, onomatopeia, irony, and understatement |
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| extended metaphors or similes that compare an unfamiliar concept with something more familiar |
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| differ from metaphors by making a caparison using like or as |
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| when you give inanimate objects or animals human characteristics |
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| creating a word that animates a natural sound |
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| using humor, satire, or sarcasm, to suggest a meaning other than what is actually being stated |
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| draws attention to an idea by minimizing its importance |
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| goal is to gain attention, illustrate,clarify and elaborate ideas, and prove assertions |
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| Four Types of Support Material |
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| examples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistics |
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| brief examples, extended examples, and hypothetical examples |
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| Walter Fischer's narrative Paradigm |
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| expert testimony, and lay testimony (quote or paraphrase) |
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| dates, times, places, and are independently verified |
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| Introduction Layout and Purpose |
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lay argument blue prints
must include an intention getter, ethos, thesis and preview of whats to come |
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| Types of Attention Getters |
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| quotes, stories, statistics, humor, questions, vivid imagery, and video clips |
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review main points
reiterate thesis
concluding thoughts
signal to audience the speech is ending
get the audience to sympathize with your case
counter persuasion |
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| audience receives information through two nonverbal channels: aural and visual |
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| paralanguage- various vocalizations that accompany spoken words |
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| includes all the audience sees- physical actions and objects used |
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| Three Functions of Nonverbal Behavior |
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| to clarify verbal messages, facilitate feedback by creating communication, and establish credibility |
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| Volume, Pitch Rate, and pauses |
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| refers to making all sounds in a word appropriate |
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| Smile, Good eye contact, scan your audience and make gestures and movements |
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| move your gaze and pause to make eye contact |
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| lack of positive experience, feeling different or being overly sensitive, and being the center of attention |
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| Four Types of Anxiety Onset |
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| pre-paration, preparation, pre-performance, and perfomance |
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| knowing that you have to give a speech |
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| researching the topic and organizing your ideas |
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| giving the speech and answering questions |
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| preparation and practice, think positive, visualize success, relaxation techniques, incorporate natural gestures, depersonalize speech evaluations, and value the occasion |
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| global or wholesale plagiarism and patchwrite plagiarism (patchwork) |
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| Global or Wholesale plagiarism |
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| when you take an entire section from the source and onset it into your speech |
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| Patchwrite Plagiarism (patchwork) |
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| when you change a few words here and there to make the paper appear to be your own |
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| 1st Amendment Free Speech |
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| freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and petition to government |
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| the right to be free from unreasonable constraints on expression |
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| provoking violence, slander, and invades a persons privacy |
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| racist, sexist, homophobic, pornographic, or anti religious |
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| Three General Speech Purposes |
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| to inform, to persuade, and to mark a special occasion |
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| Six Types of Informative Speeches |
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| objects of phenomena, people, events, processes, issues, and concepts |
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| defining the root or historical meanings of a word |
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| In-Text Citations: Paraphrasing |
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| not directly quoting material but refer to the book article or other type of work use the Author and the year at the beginning and the page number at the end |
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| In-Text Citations: Direct Quotations |
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| when quoting directly put the author and the year of publication and signal phrases before quotations and page number after quotation |
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center the title at the top of the page
double space reference entries
flush left and use hanging indents
order entries alphabetically |
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According to X....
X argued that
other verbs include acknowledged, contended maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded and explained |
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