Term
|
Definition
| Using Anglo or white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations and judgments of behaviors and attitudes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The system by which groups with diverse languages, cultures, religions, and identities were united to form one state, usually by a European power; (2) the system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The characteristics of a population, especially as classified by race, ethnicity, age, sex, and income. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on the importance of dialogue in developing and maintaining relationships between individuals and communities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethnic and/or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The quality of being different. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural minority groups that live within a larger cultural group’s territory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Principles of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tendency to think that our own culture is superior to other cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term coined by Marshall McLuhan in the 1960s that refers to a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difference(s) in a group, culture, or population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity in a group, culture, or population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concept that refers to people taking on the identities of other races, genders, classes, or sexual orientations for recreational purposes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assembly plants or factories (mainly of U.S. companies) established on the U.S.–Mexican border and using mainly Mexican labor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metaphor that assumes that immigrants and cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S. majority culture, losing their original cultures. |
|
|
Term
| multinational corporations (21) |
|
Definition
| Companies that have operations in two or more nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The splitting of the individual psychologically into multiple selves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely patriotic to the point of being anti-immigrant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of learning to understand oneself and one’s position in society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed. |
|
|
Term
| communication ritual (107) |
|
Definition
| A set form of systematic interactions that take place on a regular basis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The worldview of a cultural group and its set of deeply held beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learned patterns of behavior and attitudes shared by a group of people. |
|
|
Term
| embodied ethnocentrism (88) |
|
Definition
| Feeling comfortable and familiar in the spaces, behaviors, and actions of others in our own cultural surroundings. |
|
|
Term
| ethnography of communication (87) |
|
Definition
| A specialized area of study within communication. Taking an interpretive perspective, scholars analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and patterns followed by the groups. |
|
|
Term
| long-term versus short-term orientation (105) |
|
Definition
| A cultural variability dimension that reflects a cultural-group orientation toward either virtue or truth. |
|
|
Term
| masculinity–femininity value (103) |
|
Definition
| A cultural variability dimension that concerns the degree of being feminine—valuing fluid gender roles, quality of life, service, relationships, and interdependence—and the degree of being masculine—emphasizing distinctive gender roles, ambition, materialism, and independence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acting or presenting oneself in a specifi c way so as to accomplish some goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cultural variability dimension that concerns the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power. |
|
|
Term
| symbolic significance (88) |
|
Definition
| The importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity. |
|
|
Term
| uncertainty avoidance (104) |
|
Definition
| A cultural variability dimension that concerns the extent to which uncertainty, ambiguity, and deviant ideas and behaviors are avoided. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing. Not everything that happened in the past is accessible to us today because only some voices were documented and only some perspectives were recorded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A policy that segregated people racially in South Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The histories that legitimate international invasions and annexations. |
|
|
Term
| concentration camps (130) |
|
Definition
| Euphemistically called “relocation centers” by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), were hastily constructed facilities for housing Japanese Americans forcibly removed from their homes and businesses on the West Coast during World War II. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact. Disproven theory, in fact, group's relations become worse. |
|
|
Term
| cultural-group histories (126) |
|
Definition
| The history of each cultural group within a nation that includes, for example, the history of where the group originated, why the people migrated, and how they came to develop and maintain their cultural traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A massive migration often caused by war, famine, or persecution that results in the dispersal of a unified group. |
|
|
Term
| diasporic histories (142) |
|
Definition
| The histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created through transnational migrations, slavery, religious crusades, or other historical forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The histories of ethnic groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Histories of individual families that are typically passed down through oral stories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are treated, maintained, and/or altered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unified history and view of humankind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The histories that are hidden from or forgotten by the mainstream representations of past events. |
|
|
Term
| intellectual histories (123) |
|
Definition
| Written histories that focus on the development of ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The identity that is grounded in the Western tradition of scientific and political beliefs and assumptions—for example, the belief in external reality, democratic representation, liberation, and independent subjects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country’s development. |
|
|
Term
| political histories (123) |
|
Definition
| Written hstories that focus onpolitical events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The histories of nonmainstream racial groups. |
|
|
Term
| sexual orientation histories (139) |
|
Definition
| The historical experiences of gays and lesbians. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written histories that focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which others attribute identities to an individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which an individual portrays himself or herself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status. The worst problem in the United States, built on the ideals of hard work = success. Not true, opportunity = success instead. Have vs. Have nots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group. Labels, a category of core symbols, are names or markers used to classify individual, social, or cultural groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) A set of ideas about one’s own ethnic group membership; (2) a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sense of self as always connected to family and others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman. Flawed concept in masculine/feminine thinking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated. |
|
|
Term
| hyphenated Americans (186) |
|
Definition
| U.S. Americans who identify not only with being U.S. citizens but also as being members of ethnic groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The concept of who we are. |
|
|
Term
| identity from Social Science view (163) |
|
Definition
| Identity created by self (by relating to groups) Emphasizes individualized, familial, and spiritual self (cross-cultural perspective) |
|
|
Term
| identity from interpretive view (163) |
|
Definition
| Identity formed through communication with others. Emphasizes avowal and ascribed dimensions. |
|
|
Term
| identity from critical view (163) |
|
Definition
| Identity shaped through social, historical forces. Emphasizes contexts and resisting ascribed identity. |
|
|
Term
| identity negotiation theory (166) |
|
Definition
| A theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one’s own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting others’ identities as the core of intercultural communication. |
|
|
Term
| impression management theory (162) |
|
Definition
| The ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them. |
|
|
Term
| individualized identity (164) |
|
Definition
| The sense of self as independent and self-reliant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sense of belonging to a dominant group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sense of belonging to a nondominant group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stereotype that characterizes all Asians and Asian Americans as hardworking and serious and so a “good” minority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who we think we are and who others think we are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attitude (usually negative) toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identifying with a particular racial group. Although in the past racial groups were classified on the basis of biological characteristics, most scientists now recognize that race is constructed in fluid social and historical contexts. Less biologically determined than previously thought. 3 million different types of genees, only 55 genes vary by race. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identification with a specific geographic region of a nation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sense of belonging to a religious group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One’s identification with various categories of sexuality. Sexuality is on a continuum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widely held beliefs about a group of people. Used as a way to dehumanize people, by painting with broad strokes and assuming all of one type of people have the same characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to speak two languages fluently or at least competently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nondominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture, such as African American or Chinese American. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents. |
|
|
Term
| communication style (228) |
|
Definition
| The metamessage that contexualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, and so on. |
|
|
Term
| high-context communication (228) |
|
Definition
| A style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words. (Compare with low-context communication.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term or expression that shows respect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native language’s semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating. |
|
|
Term
| International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) (220) |
|
Definition
| A system of phonetic notation devised in 1889 to help linguists transcribe the pronunciation of words in different languages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language. |
|
|
Term
| language acquisition (224) |
|
Definition
| The process of learning language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages. |
|
|
Term
| low-context communication (228) |
|
Definition
| A style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to speak more than two languages fluently or at least competently. |
|
|
Term
| nominalist position (221) |
|
Definition
| The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks. |
|
|
Term
| qualified relativist position (223) |
|
Definition
| A moderate view of the relationship between language and perception. This position sees language as a tool rather than a prison. |
|
|
Term
| relativist position (222) |
|
Definition
| The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, and so on. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The original language text of a translation. (See also target text.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The new language text into which the original language text is translated. (See also source text.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learned and Shared patterns of perception. Culture influences communication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learned and Shared. Contextual symbolic meanings, involves emotion. Culture influence communication, communication reinforce culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Culture is usually fluid, constantly changing. Heterogeneous, dynamic. Site of contested meanings. Communication reshapes culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The culture of power in a population, where the culture is seen as the norm, the standard by which all is compared to. |
|
|
Term
| Standard Person in the United States |
|
Definition
| heterosexual, caucasian, male, late to mid 20's, and not disabled. |
|
|
Term
| Theme of the movie "In Time" |
|
Definition
| Money creates the greatest inequity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something people self identify with as being a part of. "I acknowledge myself as something". Peopl who have a unique experience, unique perspective, or unique belief others don't share. |
|
|
Term
| Range of Human Nature (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck) |
|
Definition
| Basically Good <-> Basically Evil |
|
|
Term
| Range of Relationship between Humans and Nature (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck) |
|
Definition
| Humans dominates <-> Nature dominates |
|
|
Term
| Range of Relationship between humans (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck) |
|
Definition
| Individual <-> Collateral |
|
|
Term
| Range of Preferred Personality (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck) |
|
Definition
| Stress on doing (actions) <-> Stress on Being (who you are) |
|
|
Term
| Range of Time Orientation (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck) |
|
Definition
| Future Oriented <-> Present Oriented<-> Past Oriented |
|
|
Term
| Range of Power Distance (Hofstede) |
|
Definition
| Low Power Distance (less hierarchy) <-> High Power Distance (more hierarchy) |
|
|
Term
| Range of femininity/masculinity (Hofstede) |
|
Definition
| Fewer gender-specific roles Value quality of life, support for unfortunate (feminine) <-> More gender-specific roles Achievement, ambition, acquisition of material goods |
|
|
Term
| Range of uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede) |
|
Definition
| Low uncertainty avoidance Dislike rules, accept dissent Less formality <-> High uncertainty avoidance More extensive rules, limit dissent More formality |
|
|
Term
| Range of short term vs. long term orientation (Hofstede) |
|
Definition
| Short term orientation - Universal guidelines for good and evil Prefer quick results <-> Long-term orientation - Definition of good and evil depends on circumstances Value perseverance and tenacity |
|
|
Term
| Problem with Hofstede's Masculine/Feminine values |
|
Definition
| The label itself is a stereotype, seems invalid because qualities from both sides can be shared by either men or women. |
|
|
Term
| "Victors write the history books" |
|
Definition
| Perspectives of history may have many perspectives, even though we only hear from the winners. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conducted over three weeks in a 200 acre summer camp, with the focus being intergroup behavior. Researchers posed as camp personnel, observing 22 eleven- and twelve-year-old boys who had never previously met. The 1st stage being “ingroup formation”, upon arrival the boys were split into 2 equal groups based on similarities. Each group was unaware of the other group's presence. The 2nd stage was the “friction phase”, wherein the groups were entered in competition with one another in various camp games. Valued prizes were awarded to the winners. This caused both groups to develop negative attitudes and behaviors towards the outgroup. The third and final stage was the “integration stage”. During this stage, tensions between the groups were reduced through teamwork-driven tasks that required intergroup cooperation. |
|
|
Term
| How to make 2 groups get along. |
|
Definition
| Equal status and equal access to rewards. Intimate, rather than casual contact. Must have mutual dependence. Some institutional support from an outside entity, to facilitate order. |
|
|
Term
| Misperception of Male/Female communication styles |
|
Definition
| The idea that women are more emotional and talk more, while men are more direct and quiet is not actually true, according to a study. |
|
|
Term
| Normative Race Priveledge |
|
Definition
| The race who have benefited from privileges that come with belonging to the dominant race in the group. |
|
|
