the way individuals adapt themselves to the requirements of their physical and social environment.

behaviors that allow an individual to live or keep safe.  Thrive in both good and bad times.

distance between each score and every other score in the test.

S2, or O2

measure of the dispersion of scores around the mean of the distribution

Median

The middle

above 50% of test takers and below 50 % of test takers

S or O

positive square root of the variance

Bell Curve, 68% average, 28% 1 standard deviation above or below. 

for translating test scores into a statement about the behavior to be expected of a person with that score or their relationship to a specified subject matter. Most tests and quizzes written by school teachers are criterion-referenced tests. The objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material.

Predictive in nature.

basic standard score

mean always = 0

standard deviation always= 1

x number of standard deviations above or below the mean.

when bell curve looks normal we know the exact z scores.

average of 50

ranve of 40-60 (68%)

Relative absence of random error in measurement

item reliability

inter observer agreement

stability

test retest

having students take 2 tests to see if they get similar scores.

it is the average of all possible split halves.  you would use it when you want to test reliability through internal consistency.

computation of item variance and test variance.

extent to which interpretation and test scores is supported by evidence and theory.

Must be reliable.

Specific to individual student.

does it lead to correct inferences about the person being tested?

Does it measure what it is meant to measure?

Correlations.

extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social construct

example, a depression scale may lack content validity if it only assesses the affective dimension of depression but fails to take into account the behavioral dimension

Concurrent and Predictive

is a measure of how well one variable or set of variables predicts an outcome based on information from other variables

similar to that ofthe grade-equivalent score. A raw score corresponds to a chronological age. Ateacher can use a norms table to determine such scores. A portion of a normstable would look something like this:

r, and is typically denoted by r) is a measure of the correlation (linear dependence) between two variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive. It is widely used in the sciences as a measure of the strength of linear dependence between two variables

screening: Unrecognized problems?

Progress monitoring: are they making progress

Instructional planning

resource allocation

elligibility for special education services (diagnostic)

Program evaluation

Accountability

IDEA 2004

ederal program that authorizes state and local aid  On December 3, 2004, President Bush signed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, a major reauthorization and revision of IDEA. The new law preserves the basic structure and civil rights guarantees of IDEA but also makes significant changes in the law. Most provisions of Public Law (PL) 108-446 go into effect on July 1, 2005. The requirements regarding “highly qualified” special education teachers became effective immediately upon signature.

autism recognized

assessement for students with disabilities (alternative assessement) fairness

test security

confidentiality of information

DO NO HARM (best interest)

collect at minimum what is federally required

draw information from variety of sources

use well normed reliable sources

ETR

he range within which a person's true score may fall (Drummond, 1996). Its interpretation is based upon theories associated with normal distributions.

Basically, we know that 68% of students fall in the average range so it gives us a standard error of measurement to go by.

Nominal scales are data that record categories.

Ordinal scales record information about the rank order of scores.

Interval scales tell us about the order of data points, and the size of the intervals in between data points.

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point.

The literature indicates that the benefit of out-of-level testing is that it is a cost-effective method for increasing the precision with which low performing students’ ability is measured. However, an unreported downside is that the process by which scores on out-of-level testing are converted back into the scale of the in-level test reduces measurement precision. Further, it has not been demonstrated that more precision is gained than is lost.

most students with special needs are tested out of level on OAA's and the graduation test

eligibility decisions

what is the student "entitled" to