Term
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Definition
| the linked processes of livelihood, consumption, and exchange |
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Definition
| temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spatial mobility |
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Definition
| a system of property relations in which a person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hunting, and fishing areas and water holes |
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Definition
a mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools
extensive agriculture
Slash and burn clearing |
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Definition
| a mode of livelihood based on keeping domesticated animals and using their products, such as meat and milk, for most of their diet |
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Definition
a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer
intensive cultivation
Increased productivity
surplus
population increase
specialization
trade and individual profit |
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Definition
| continuous use of the same land and resources |
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Definition
| a form of agriculture in which farmers produce mainly to support themselves but also produce goods for sale in the market system |
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Definition
| a form of agriculture that is capital intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs for animal and human labor |
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Term
| industrialism/informatics |
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Definition
| a mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media |
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Definition
| a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and to receive gifts from the hosts |
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Definition
| a dominant pattern, in a culture, of using things up or spending resources in order to satisfy demands |
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Definition
| the dominant pattern, in a culture, of transferring foods, services, and other items between and among people and groups |
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Definition
| a mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is charaterized by few and finite consumer demands, and incolves and adequate and siutainabe means to achieve them |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode of consumption in which people's demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in the effort to sustain these demands |
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Definition
| an unwritten, culturally embedded rule that prevents an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than anyone else |
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Definition
| a culturally defined right to life-sustaining resources |
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Definition
| a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual, equality in value |
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Definition
| a system of transfers in which the one party seeks to make a profit |
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Definition
| exchange involving the least concious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return |
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Definition
| something given with no expectation or thought of a return |
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Definition
| the rate of births in a population or the rate of population increase in general |
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Definition
| an attitude or policy that encourages child bearing |
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Definition
| the change from the agricultural pattern of high fertility and high mortality to the industrial pattern of low fertility and low mortality |
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Definition
| the onset of menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| the cessation of menstration |
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Definition
| a blurred fende category, usually referring to a person who is biologically |
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Definition
| a person who is biologically female but takes on a male gender role |
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Definition
| in India, a blurred gender role in which a person, usually biologically male, takes on females dress and behavior |
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Definition
| the existance within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity, and blurred genders that tolerated and legitimate |
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Definition
| motherhood, or the process of becoming one |
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Definition
| fatherhood, or the process of becoming one |
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Definition
| customs applying to the behavior of fathers during and shortly after the birth of their children |
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Definition
| the study of cross-cultural health systems |
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Definition
| a healing approach based on modern Western science that emphasizes technology for diagnosing and treating health problems related to the human body |
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Definition
| a biological health problem that is objective and universal |
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Definition
| in the disease-illness dichotomy, culturally chaped perceptions and experiences of a health problem |
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Term
| culture specific syndrome |
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Definition
| a collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a particular culture or a limited number of cultures |
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Definition
| the process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms or suffering |
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Definition
| fright, shock disease, a culture specific illness found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live: symptoms include back pain, fatigue, weakness, and lack of appetite |
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Definition
| a culturally specific causal explanation for health problems and suffering |
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Definition
| human health problems caised by such ecomomic and political factors as war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty |
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Definition
| healing that emphasizes the social context as a key component and that is carried out within the public domain |
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Definition
| healing that emphasizes balance among natural elements within the body |
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Definition
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Definition
| healing through the use of plants |
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| ecological/epodemiological approach |
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Definition
| an approach within medical anthropology that considers how aspects of the natural environment and social envoronment interact to cause illness |
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Definition
| the intergenerational transfer of the detrimental effects of colonialism from parents to children |
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Term
| critical medical anthropology |
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Definition
| an approach within medical anthropology involving the analysis of how economic and political structures shape people's health status, their access to health care, and the prevailing medical systems that exist in relation to them |
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Definition
| the labeling of a particular issue or problem as medical and requiring medical treatment when, in fact, that issue or problem is economic or political |
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Definition
| a health problem caised or increased by economic development activities that have detrimental effects on the environment and people's relationship with it |
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Definition
| the existance of more than one health system in a culture; also, a government poliocy to prolote the integration of local healing systems into biomedical practice |
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Term
| applied medical anthropology |
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Definition
| the application of anthropological knowledge to furthering the goals of health-care providers |
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Definition
| someone who is familiar with two cultures and can promote communication and understanding across them |
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Definition
| the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior included |
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Definition
| the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage |
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Definition
| the tracing of parentage through both parents |
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Definition
| the tracing of parentage through only one parent |
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Definition
| a descent system that highlights the importance of men in tracing descent, determining marital residence with or near the grooms family, and providing for inheritance of property through the male line |
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Term
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Definition
| a descent system that highlights the importance of women by tracing descent through the female line, determining marital residence with or near the bride's family, and providing for inheritance of property through the female line |
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Term
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Definition
| a union, usually between two people who are likely to be, but are not necessarily, coresident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative |
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Definition
| a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin |
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Definition
| marriage within a particular group or locality |
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Definition
| offspring of one's father's brother or one's mother's sister |
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Definition
| offspring of either one's father's sister or one's mother's brother |
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Definition
| marriage outside a particular group or locality |
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Definition
| the transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly married couple |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of cash and goods from the groom's family to the bride's family and to the bride |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain length of time before returning homewith the bride |
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Definition
| marriage between two people |
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Definition
| marriage involving multiple spouses |
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Definition
| marriage of one husband with more than one wife |
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Definition
| marriage of one wife with more than one husband |
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Definition
| a group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing |
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Definition
| either one person living alone or a group of people who may or may not be related by kinship and who share living space |
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Definition
| a domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or partners) with or without children |
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Term
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Definition
| a coresidential group that comprises more than one parent child-unit |
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Definition
| a coresidential group that comprises only two married couples related through males, commonly found through East Asian cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| a household pattern in which a female (or females) is the central figure around whom other members cluster |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Overconsumption
Obesity and obesity-associated diabetes: high calories (fat)
Sedentary lifestyle with little exercise |
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Term
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Definition
Diet of cheap, heavily processed foods
foods high in energy dense calories, fat and sugars
Poor food eduction and dental hygiene |
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Term
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Definition
| tooth decay or a cavity, is an infection, bacterial in origin, that causes demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum). It is a result of the production of acid by bacterial fermentation of food debris accumulated on the tooth surface |
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Definition
mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans
transmitted via a bite from an infected female
introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person's circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator |
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Definition
is a disease of the human immune system
HIV is transmitted primarily via bodily fluids
no cure
originated in west-central Africa during the early twentieth century
passed from mother-child |
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Term
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Definition
a parasitic nematode that lives in the small intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human.
Hookworms are thought to infect more than 600 million people worldwide.
The most significant risk of hookworm infection is anemia
Hookworm is a leading cause of maternal and child morbidity in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics |
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Term
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Definition
an infectious disease that is transmitted between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals other than humans to humans
good evidence that measles, smallpox, influenza, HIV, and diphtheria came to us this way
salmonella, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Lyme disease.
major cause is increased contact between humans and wildlife |
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Definition
abstinence, monogamy and condoms
only appeared to have worked b/c exports dropped, so people moved away from city |
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Definition
| extended on the back, usually east to west |
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Definition
| extended face down, reserved for undesireable people |
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Definition
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| buried with legs folded up to the chest |
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Definition
Human Behavioral Ecology-Bruce Winterhalder
culture is an adaptation to changing environment
can be measured by cost vs benefit
ex-bow and arrow is more expensive than spear, but b&a will kill more animals |
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Term
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Definition
started 300,000 to 200,000 years ago
Homo Heidelbergensis may have been ritually defleshing their relatives |
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Definition
| consuming the flesh of family members or friends |
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Definition
| consuming the flesh of foes, often a wartime practice |
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Definition
| sexual attraction to corpses many cultures have taboos, as well as exceptions to the taboo percieved as defiling, unclean, and a means of reanimation defiling (sodomizing corpses) seen as an act of domination in warfare unclean, breaking of taboos (Aghora and Aghori) |
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Definition
| disney adapted a tale of necrophelia into a kids movie |
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Term
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Definition
Egalitarianism-one starves, we all starve
Relying on naturally occuring plants and animals
High species diversity in diet
Subject to seasonality
often highly mobile populations
trade with food producers
Strategy of all humans until 10,000 years ago
Sustainable IF population is small
Family units
maintain population size |
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Definition
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Definition
| one starves, we all starve |
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Definition
the specialization of cooperating individuals who perform specific tasks and roles
an increasingly complex division of labour is associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialised processes |
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Term
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Definition
| an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed |
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Term
| wealth distribution and cases of death |
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Definition
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Term
| male reproductive strategies |
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Definition
Sire lots of offspring
large testicles
sexual displays
prevent other males from doing the same thing
body size/canine dimorphism
polygyny is common
male infidelity is more accepted |
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Term
| female reproductive strategies |
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Definition
Alert males to receptivity
Estrus: genital swelling
Ensure the survival of offspring
choose best males
form social bonds to help raise offspring
Careful selection of fathers (wealth, reliability, genes)
rely on female friends and family to help raise offspring
infidelity shamed |
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Term
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Definition
gender stereotypes change over time
17th century ideal woman vs. modern ideal woman
sexual division of labor: formal or informal way of dividing tasks based on an individuals sex |
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Definition
a ritual event that marks a person's transition from one status to another
show anthropologists what social hierarchies, values and beliefs are important in specific cultures.
transitions from puberty, year 7 to high school, coming of age, marriage, death, baptism, akika, confirmation and Bar or Bat Mitzvah
three phases: separation, transition, and reincorporation
initiations can also produce conformity among new members |
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Definition
| custom in marriage whereby the husband goes to live with the wife's community. |
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Definition
| custom in marriage whereby the wife goes to live with the husbands community. |
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Definition
| judged by the number of offspring it has, how they support them, and how their offspring could support others |
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Definition
Sociobiology-Rebranded as Human Behavioral Ecology
Inclusive fitness
Grandma hypothesis |
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Definition
Hijra’s of India
Men that have their genitals removed dress like women
Are seen as niether women or men
Native American Berdache |
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Term
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Definition
| non-market exchange of goods or labour ranging from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually expected (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of birthday gifts. It is thus distinct from the true gift, where no return is expected |
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Term
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Definition
altruistic transactions, the "true gift" marked by "weak reciprocity" due to the vagueness of the obligation to reciprocate
A failure to reciprocate does not result in the giver ceasing to give. |
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Term
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Definition
direct exchange of customary equivalents without any delay, and hence includes some forms of 'gift-exchange,
dominated by the material exchange and individual interests |
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Definition
| the attempt to get "something for nothing with impunity." It may be described as 'haggling,' 'barter,' or 'theft.' It is the most impersonal form of exchange, with interested parties seeking to maximize their gains |
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Definition
| physical, non-human inputs used in production; includes capital assets used to produce wealth, such as machinery, tools and factories includes the "means of distribution" such as stores, the internet and railroads |
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Term
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Definition
a specific combination of:
productive forces: these include human labour power and available knowledge given the level of technology in the means of production
ocial and technical relations of production: these include the property, power, and control relations governing society's productive assets relations between people and the objects of their work, and the relations between social classes. |
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| Middle of Marxist Pyramid |
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Definition
| Socio-Political organization |
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