Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observational- description. Correlational- Prediction. Experimental- Causality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, whithout impising any preconceived notions they might have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data; by showing that two or more judges independently coem up with the same observations, researchers ensure that the observations are not the subjective, distorted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of the obserational method in which the reseracher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture (diaries, magazines, newspaper) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The technique whereby two or more variables are systematically mesaured and the relationship between them is assessed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Researchers in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statisical technique that asseses how well you can predict one variable from another - for example, how well you can predict people's weight from their height |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigning a participant a random role in the experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Correlation does not mean causality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The method in which the researcher randomly assigs participants to different conitions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independte variable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable a reseracher changes or aries to see if it has an effect on some other variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced y the independent variable. The reseracher hypothesizes that the dependent variale will depend ont eh level of the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assignign people to different experimental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| p-value. A number calculated with statistical techniques that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of thei experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variables. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which the results of a study can be generalzed to other situations and to other people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which the psychological processes trigged in an experment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of the purpose of a study, given to participants, that is different from its true purpose, used to maintain psychological realiwsm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experiments conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repeating a study, often with different subject populations or in different settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiostity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studies designed to solve a particular social problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explain the ways in which animals adapt to their environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which heritable traits that promote survival in a particular envirornments are passed along to future generations, because organisms with that trait are more liekly to produce offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looking at the brain through machines in order to see biological process in relation to psychological phenonenom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agreement to partcipate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiemnt, which has been explained in advance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually trasnpire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group made up of at least on scientist, one nonscientist, and one member not affiliated with the insitution that reviews all psychological research at that insitution and decides whether it meets ethical guidelines, all research must be approved by the IRB before it is conducted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explaining to the participants, at the end of the experiemnt, the true prupose of the study and exactly what transpired |
|
|
Term
| Control/covariate variable |
|
Definition
| Control: Variable that remains unchanged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using multiple ways to get an answer: observation, experimental, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interested in measuring self-blah, I think self blah is very important in one's identity and it affects other things, but I need to create measures to assess |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
|
Definition
| A drive or feeling of discomfort, originally defined as being caused by holding two or more inconsitient cognitions and subsequetnyly defined as being caused by performing an action that is discrepant frrom one's customary, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believing that we are above average |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Telling ourselves something is true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the instensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future negative events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beliefs/thoughts that might not necessarily be true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's evalutations of their own self worth- that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more important the decision, the greater the dissonance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissonacnce aroused after makign a decision, typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluating the rejected alternatives |
|
|
Term
| Illusion of irrevocability |
|
Definition
| Irrevovability of a decision always increases dissonance and the motivation to reduce it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An uscrupulous strategy whereby a saleperson induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a very low cost, subsequently calims it was an error, and then raises the prices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for indivudals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain |
|
|
Term
| External vs. Internal Justification |
|
Definition
| External- a reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the indiviudal. Internal- The reduction of dissonance by cahnging something about oneself |
|
|
Term
| Counterattitudinal Advocacy |
|
Definition
| Stating an opinion or attitude that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dissonance aroused when inidividuals lack sifficient external justification for having resisited a desired activity or object, usually resulting in individuals' devaluing the forbidden activity or object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Becoming aware of your own hypocripsy when looking inward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The arousal of dissonance by having individuals make statements that run counter to their behaviors and then reminding them of the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavior. The purpose is to lead indivudals to more responsibe behavior |
|
|
Term
| Justification of Kindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properites of an attitude object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attitude based more on people's feeling and values than on their believfs about the nature of an attitude object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How people act toward the attitude object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response (eg your grandmother) is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not (eg the smell of mothballs) until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properites of the first stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon whereby behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward or punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrallable, and at times unconscious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication advocating a particular side of an issue |
|
|
Term
| Elaboration Likelihood Model |
|
Definition
| A model explaining two ways in which persuasive communcations can cause attitidude change: centrally, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguemtns but are instead swayed by surface characterisitcs |
|
|
Term
| Yale Attitude Change Approach |
|
Definition
| The study of conditions under which people are most liekly to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on who siad whhat to whome= the source of the communcation, the nature of the communciation, and the nature of the audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communcation but are instead swayed by peripheral cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The case whereby people elaborate on a persusaive communcation, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to a communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something being relevant to yourself |
|
|
Term
| Fear-Arousing Communication |
|
Definition
| persusaive messages that attempt to cahgne people's attitudes by arousing their fears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An explantion of the two ways in which persuaisve communcations can casue attitude change: either systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts, such as Experts are always right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initally exposing them to small doses of arguemtn against their position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that when people fel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theory of Planned Behavior |
|
Definition
| The idea that the best predictors of a person's planned, deliberate behaviors are the person's attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and pereived behavior control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The strength of the association between an attitude object and a person's evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's beliefs about how people they care about will view the behavior in question |
|
|
Term
| Perceived Behavioral Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived buy may nevertheelss influence people's judgements, attitudes, and behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when people change their behvaior due to the real influence of others |
|
|
Term
| Informational Social Influence |
|
Definition
| The influence of other poepl that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior. We conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conforming to other people's behavior without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The occurrence, in a group of people, of similar phsycial symptoms with no known physical cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members |
|
|
Term
| Normative Social Influence |
|
Definition
| The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them; this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Asch’s Judgment Task Studies |
|
Definition
| Line experiment, people conforming to other participants who are obviously wrong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that conforming to socail influence depends on the strength of the group's importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tolerance a person earns over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned, the people can, on occasion, behave deviantly without retribution from the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The case where a minorty of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obedience involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solomon Eliot Asch was an American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology. He created seminal pieces of work in impression formation, prestige suggestion, conformity, and many other topics in social psychology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move. It was first recorded by a Russian officer keeping watch who observed illusory movement of a star near the horizon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electronic experiment, told participants to deliver a shock to people answering a question. Obedience to conform. |
|
|
