Term
| How many tons of krill can a 72 ton humpback whale digest per day? |
|
Definition
2 tons
They strain krill from seawater using large plates (baleen) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of diets? |
|
Definition
Herbivores: plant eaters (cattle, snails, sea urchins)
Carnivores: meat eaters (lions, hawks, spiders)
Omnivores: eating both plants and other animals (humans, roaches, raccoons, crows) |
|
|
Term
| What are the fours types of feeding (how animals obtain and ingest their food)? |
|
Definition
| Suspension, Substrate, Fluid,and Bulk |
|
|
Term
| What does mechanical digestion do? |
|
Definition
| It breaks food down into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow and gives more surface area exposed to digestive fluids |
|
|
Term
| What does chemical digestion do? |
|
Definition
It breaks down large organic molecules into their components
Proteins split into amino acids:
Polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides
Nucleic acids into nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in food digestion between sponges and most animals? |
|
Definition
Sponges digest food in vacuoles
Most animals digest food in compartments |
|
|
Term
| How do most animals digest food? |
|
Definition
In compartments:
Enzymes break down the food, food particles move into cells lining the compartment, and undigested materials are expelled |
|
|
Term
| What is specialized about the digestive compartments of Cnidarians and flatworms? |
|
Definition
They have gastrovascular cavities with a single opening (mouth):
Food enters the mouth and undigested food is expelled back out |
|
|
Term
| What is the specialized compartment that most animals have? |
|
Definition
Alimentary canal;
Includes mouth, specialized regions, and the anus |
|
|
Term
| What does the human digestive system consist of? |
|
Definition
| Alimentary canal and accessory glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation by smooth muscles in the walls of the canal in order to move food along |
|
|
Term
| What controls the movement of food into and out of the digestive chambers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two sphincters in the body? |
|
Definition
| Pyloric sphincter and cardiac sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What does the pyloric sphincter do? |
|
Definition
| Regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What does the cardiac sphincter do? |
|
Definition
| Limits the upward movement of acids into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Where does digestion begin? |
|
Definition
In the oral cavity:
Teeth break up food
Saliva moistens it
Tongue tastes, shapes the bolus of food, and moves it toward the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during digestion do to saliva? |
|
Definition
A slippery glycoprotein (carb-protein complex) protects the soft lining of mouth and lubricates food for easy swallowing
Salivary digetive enzymes begin the hydrolysis of starch
It buffers neutralize food acids, helping prevent tooth decay
The antibacterial agents kills much of the bacteria ingested with food |
|
|
Term
| What occurs to food after swallowing? |
|
Definition
| Peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What process of digestion is comparable to the trachea conducting air to the lungs? |
|
Definition
| The esophagus; it conducts food from the pharynx to the stomch |
|
|
Term
| What is the swallowing reflex? |
|
Definition
| Prevents food from entering the trachea |
|
|
Term
| What is the coughing reflex? |
|
Definition
| It helps expel materials that accidentally enter the trachea |
|
|
Term
| How does the Heimlich maneuver save lives? |
|
Definition
| It can dislodge food from the pharynx or trachea during choking; without it, brain damage will occur within minutes if no airway is open |
|
|
Term
| What does the stomach do? |
|
Definition
| Stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What does acid do within the stomach? |
|
Definition
Kills bacteria and breaks apart cells in food
Has a pH of 2
Parietal cells secrete hydrogen (H) and chloride ions (Cl); which combine to make hydrochloric acid (HCl) |
|
|
Term
| What produces pepsin in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pepsin do in the body? |
|
Definition
The production of it actives more pepsinogen production (positive feedback)
Begins chemical digestion fo proteins
Acidic gastric juices mix with food to produce acid chyme |
|
|
Term
| What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the walls of the stomach? |
|
Definition
Mucus helps protect against HCl and pepsin
New cells lining the stomach are produced about every 3 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0-14
0 represents the highest concentration of acid
14 represents the most alkaline |
|
|
Term
| What are some pH level examples? |
|
Definition
Gastric acid: 1.5-2.0
Lemon juice: 2.4
Coca-cola: 2.5
Vinegar: 2.9
Orange/ apple juice: 3.5
Beer: 4.5
Coffee: 5.0
Tea/ healthy skin: 5.5
Milk: 6.5
Pure water: 7.0
Healthy human saliva: 6.5- 7.4
Blood: 7.34-7.45 |
|
|
Term
| What are some digestive ailments? |
|
Definition
Acid reflux: heartburn and GERD (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease)
Ulcers: can be produced by bacterial infections (helicobacter pylori) in the stomach or the duodenum
Clostridium difficile: bacteria causing AAD (antibiotic- associated diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
| What does the small intestine do? |
|
Definition
| Major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption |
|
|
Term
| How did the small intestine get its name? |
|
Definition
| Named for smaller diameter (6 meters long) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes
Made in the liver
Stored in the gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| What does alkaline pancreatic juice do? |
|
Definition
Neutralizes acid chyme
Enzymes digest food |
|
|
Term
| How is the surface area for absorption increased in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
Folds of the intestinal lining
Finger-like villi |
|
|
Term
| Where do nutrients pass in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
From the epithelium into the blood
Blood flows to the liver where nutrients are processed and stored |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
Glucose in blood is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
Synthesizes many proteins (including blood clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol)
Changes toxins to less toxic forms
Produces bile |
|
|
Term
| What does the large intestine do? |
|
Definition
Reclaims water and compacts feces (stored in rectum)
Too little water? Diarrhea
Too much water? Constipation |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are produced by colon bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Biotin, vitamin K, and B vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What does the appendix do? |
|
Definition
| Makes a minor contribution to immunity; found near junction of small intestine and colon |
|
|
Term
| Who has the longest digestive tract: carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four cellulose- digesting microbes found in the specialized guts of many herbivores? |
|
Definition
| Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, and Abomasum |
|
|
Term
| A healthy diet satisfies which three needs? |
|
Definition
Fuel to power the body
Organic molecules to build bigger molecules
Essential nutrients (raw materials that animals cannot make for themselves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main energy "currency" in a cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main sources of dietary calories? |
|
Definition
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
1 gram of fat has x2 as many calories as 1 gram of carbohydrates of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nutrients being oxidized inside cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basal Metabolic Rate
Energy a resting animal requires each day |
|
|
Term
| What is the metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
BMR plus energy needed for physical activity
Decreases throughout adulthood |
|
|
Term
| How is excess energy stored in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
Nutrients that cannot be made from any raw material; must be supplied in the diet
Consists of eight of the 20 amino acids required for animals |
|
|
Term
| What is under-nurishment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Missing essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Where can the eight essential amino acids be obtained? |
|
Definition
Animal protein
Proper combination of plant foods |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics about how the body processes the essential vitamins and minerals? |
|
Definition
Required in minute amounts
Extreme excesses can be dangerous
Excess water-soluble vitamins can be eliminated in urine
Excess fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate to dangerous levels in body fat (megadoses of vitamin A, D, E, or K can be toxic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts
Calcium and phosphorus are required in larger amounts
Most people ingest more salt than required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (of vitamins and minerals) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins require extra doses/ supplements? |
|
Definition
B12: for people over 50
Vitamin D: for people with dark skin or who get little sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consuming more food energy than needed (can result in obesity) |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Canadians (2004) are obese and overweight and what percentage are children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can obesity lead to? |
|
Definition
| Diabetes, Cancer, and Cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by fat cells
Suppresses appetite
High levels in humans do not suppress appetite
May be adaptive in humans to prevent excessive weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What were the results of a study done about leptin in mice? |
|
Definition
Leptin-deficient mice are obese
After being treated with leptin, the mice lose weight
Results determined that leptin- deficient children can lose weight with leptin treatments but not adults |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
WAT: white adipose tissue
BAT: brown adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| Obesity in animals (including humans) is not dependent on body weight, but... ? |
|
Definition
| Amount of body fat, specifically adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In many newborn or hibernating mammals and migratory birds |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of BAT? |
|
Definition
| Primarily, to generate body heat |
|
|
Term
| What are the main characteristics of WAT? |
|
Definition
Contain a single, large fat vacuole
Merely a fat deposit |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contributes to blocked blood vessels and higher blood pressure (enables fat and cholesterol to move within the water based solution of the blood stream) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tends to reduce blocked blood vessels
Can remove cholesterol from arteries and transport it to liver |
|
|
Term
| What increases and decreases HDL levels? |
|
Definition
| Exercise increases, smoking decreases |
|
|
Term
| Spinal cord injuries disrupt communication between... ? |
|
Definition
| Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the current research studies being done around spinal cord injuries? |
|
Definition
Steroids reduce damage if used within hours of damage
Coaxing damaged nerve cells to regenerate
Transplants of nerve cells or stem cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the nervous system do? |
|
Definition
Obtains sensory information
Processes sensory information
Sends commands to effector cells (muscles)that carry out appropriate responses |
|
|
Term
| What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of? |
|
Definition
| Brain and spinal cord (in vertebrates) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the peripheral nervous system located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundles of fibers of sensory and motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of cell bodies around neurons |
|
|
Term
| What do sensory neurons do? |
|
Definition
| Conduct signals from sensory receptors to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What do interneurons (in the CNS) do? |
|
Definition
| Integrate information and send it to the motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| What do motor neurons do? |
|
Definition
| Convey signals to effector cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells specialized for carrying signals
Functional units of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What does a neuron consist of? |
|
Definition
| A cell body and two types of extensions/ fibers that conduct signals (dendrites and axons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They enclose axons, form a cellular insulation and speed up signal transmission |
|
|
Term
At rest, a neuron's plasma membrane....
(4 things) |
|
Definition
Membrane potential: potential energy
Just inside the cell: slightly negative
Just outside the cell: slightly positive
Resting potential: voltage across the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Why does resting potential exist? |
|
Definition
| Because of differences in ion concentration inside and outside a cell |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the ion concentration(s) for inside a cell? |
|
Definition
K+ high (potassium)
Na+ low (sodium) |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the ion concentration(s) outside a cell? |
|
Definition
K+ low (potassium)
Na+ high (sodium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alters the permeability of a section of membrane
Allows ions to pass through
Changes the membrane's voltage |
|
|
Term
| What is an action potential? |
|
Definition
A nerve signal!
Results in a change in membrane voltage from resting potential, to a maximum level, and back to resting potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic characteristic of an action potential? |
|
Definition
| Self-propagated in a one-way chain reaction along a neuron (all-or-none events) |
|
|
Term
| What does the strength of the stimulus change? |
|
Definition
Frequency of action potentials
But NOT the strength of action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Junction where signals are transmitted between 2 neurons (or between neurons and effector cells) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two type of synapses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs at an electrical synapse? |
|
Definition
| Electrical signals pass between cells |
|
|
Term
| What occurs at a chemical synapse? |
|
Definition
Sending [presynaptic] cell secretes a chemical signal (aka a neurotransmitter)
The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft
The neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the surface of the receiving (postsynaptic) cell |
|
|
Term
| What is Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| It is a motor disorder characterized by initiating movements, speed of movement, and rigidity |
|
|
Term
| What can certain neurotransmitters do? |
|
Definition
| Excite the receiving cell or inhibit the receiving cell's activity by decreasing its ability to develop the action potentials |
|
|
Term
| A neuron may receive information... |
|
Definition
| From hundreds of other neurons via thousands of synaptic termials |
|
|
Term
| What determines if a neuron will transmit a nerve signal? |
|
Definition
| The summation of excitation and inhibition... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitter in the brain between neurons and muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| What are biogenic amines? |
|
Definition
They are important in the CNS
Serotonin and dopamine affect sleep, mood, attention |
|
|
Term
What are the various small, nitrogen- containing molecules that serve as neurotransmitters?
(5- A.B.A.N.N.) |
|
Definition
Acetylcholine
Biogenic Animes (Serotonin and dopamine)
Amino Acids
Neuropeptides
Nitric oxide |
|
|
Term
| What do neuropeptides do? |
|
Definition
Substance P mediates perceptions of pain
Endorphins decrease perception of pain |
|
|
Term
| What is nitric oxide and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Dissolved gas
Triggers erections |
|
|
Term
| Why are amino acids important in the CNS? |
|
Definition
| Some are excitatory and some are inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs act at chemical synapses? |
|
Definition
Psychoactive drugs (act at synapses and affect neurotransmitter action)
Caffeine (counts inhibitory neurotransmitters)
Nicotine (stimulant)
Alcohol (depressant) |
|
|
Term
| The evolution of animal nervous systems reflects.... ? |
|
Definition
| Changes in body symmetry and radically symmetrical animals (nervous system arranged in a web-like system of neurons aka nerve net) |
|
|
Term
| Most bilaterally symmetrical animals exhibit what 2 characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Centralization and Cephalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of a central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of the central nervous system in the head region |
|
|
Term
| The vertebrate nervous system is highly what... ? |
|
Definition
| Centralized and cephalized |
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, the central nervous system contains what? |
|
Definition
| Fluid-filled spaces in the ventricles of the brain, central canal of the spinal cord, and surrounding the brain |
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, the peripheral nervous system consists of? |
|
Definition
| Nerves (cranial and spinal)and Ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functional components of the PNS? |
|
Definition
Somatic Nervous System (mostly voluntary)
Autonomic Nervous System (most involuntary) |
|
|
Term
| What does the somatic nervous system do? |
|
Definition
Carries signals to and from skeletal muscles
Mainly in response to external stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What does the autonomic nervous system do? |
|
Definition
Regulates the internal environment
Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and organs of various body systems |
|
|
Term
| Which two opposing actions (caused by two different neurons) regulate the internal environment in the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division |
|
|
Term
| What does parasympathetic division of the ANS do? |
|
Definition
| It primes the body for activities that gain and conserve energy for the body "rest-and-digest", "feed-and-breed" Salvation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation |
|
|
Term
| What does sympathetic division of ANS do? |
|
Definition
It prepares the body for intense, energy-consuming activities
"fight-or-flight" |
|
|
Term
| How did the vertebrate brain evolve? |
|
Definition
| Enlargement and subdivision of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain |
|
|
Term
| In birds and mammals, what correlates with their sophisticated behaviour? |
|
Definition
| Size and complexity of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What does the midbrain, subdivisions of the hindbrain, the thalamus and the hyprothalamus have in common? |
|
Definition
They conduct information to and from higher brain centers
Regulate homeostatic functions
Keep track of body position
Sort sensory information |
|
|
Term
| What are three characteristics about the Cerebrum? |
|
Definition
Part of the forebrain
Largest and most complex part of the brain
Most integrative power is in the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is about 5 mm thick, accounts for 80% of brain mass, and has specialized integrative regions |
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized integrative regions of the the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| The somatosensory cortex and the various centers for vision, hearing, taste, and smell |
|
|
Term
| What does the motor cortex do? |
|
Definition
| It directs response in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the association areas making up most of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| Higher mental activities in humans (reasoning and language) |
|
|
Term
| What do the right and left hemispheres do? |
|
Definition
| Specialize in different mental tasks |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of brain injuries and surgery? |
|
Definition
Reveals brains functions
Phineas Gage: stimulated in the cerebral cortex during surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scanning and imaging technology used to study brain functions and used on conscious patients
Monitors changes in blood oxygen usage in the brain and correlates the regions of intense brain function |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the the brain regulate sleep and arousal? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Neurons of the reticular formation |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of sleep? |
|
Definition
Essential for survival
Is an active state
May be involved in consolidating learning and memory |
|
|
Term
| What is the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| A functional group of integrating centers involved in emotions, memory, and learning |
|
|
Term
| What are the functional group of integrating centers in the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| Cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What four neurological disorders can be linked to changes in brain physiology? |
|
Definition
| Schizophrenia, Depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients lose ability to distinguish reality (A Beautiful Mind) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two broad forms of depressive illness: Major depression and bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
Treatments may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| Confusion and memory loss |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main stages of food processing? |
|
Definition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination |
|
|
Term
| How long is food stored in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| 2-6 hours, held in by the sphincter |
|
|
Term
| How long is food in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| 5-6 hours for final stages of digestion and nutrient absorption |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take undigested materials to pass through the large intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the eight essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
Methionine
Valine
(Histidine)
Threonine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Lysine |
|
|
Term
| What two foods would provide all essential amino acids for a vegetarian? |
|
Definition
| Corn and Beans (and other legumes) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 13 required vitamins for a healthy diet? |
|
Definition
Water- Soluble: Vitamin B1/Thiamine, Vitamin B2/Riboflavin, B3/Niacin, B6/Pyridoxine,
B5/Pantothenic acid, B9/Folic acid (folacin), B12, Biotin,Â
Vitamin C/ascorbic acid
Fat- soluble:Â Vitamin A/retinol, Vitamin D,
Vitamin E/ tocopherol, Vitamin K |
|
|
Term
What are the 17 mineral requirements for humans?
(c.p.s.p.c.s.m.i.f.z.c.m.i.c.s.c.m.) |
|
Definition
| Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), fluorine (F), zinc (Zn), copper(Cu), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) |
|
|
Term
Earthworms, which are substrate feeders,
A) feed mostly on mineral substrates
B) filter small organisms in the soil
C) are bulk feeders
D) are herbivores that eat autotrophs
E) eat their way through the soil, feeding on partially decayed organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The energy content of fats
A) is released by bile salts
may be lost unless an herbivore eats some of its feces
C) is more than two times that of carbs or proteins
D) can reverse the effects of malnutrition
E) both c and d are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is false?
A) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is false?
A) The average human has enough store fat to supply calories for several weeks
B) An increase in leptin levels leads to an increase in appetite and weight gain
C) The interconversion of glucose and glycogen takes place in the liver
D) After the glycogen stores are filled, excessive calories are stored as fat, regardless of their original food source
E) Carbs and fats are preferentially used as fuel before proteins are used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is mismatched with its function?
A) most B vitamins -coenzymes
B) vitamin E -antioxident
C) vitamin K -blood clotting
D) iron -component of thyroid hormones
E) phosphorus -bone formation, nucelotide synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do many vegetarians combine different protein sources or eat some eggs or milk products?
A) to make sure they obtain sufficient calories
B) to provide sufficient vitamins
C) to make sure they ingest all essential fatty acids
D) to make their diet more interesting
E) to provide all essential amino acids at the same time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Joe accidentally touched a hot pan. His arm jerked back, and an instant later, he felt a burning pain. How would you explain that his arm moved before he felt the pain?
A) His limbic system blocked the pain momentarily, but the important main signals eventually got through
B) His response was a spinal cord reflex that occurred before the pain signals got to the brain
C) It took a while for his brain to search long-term memory and figure out what was going on
D) Motor neurons are myelinated; sensory neurons are not. The signals traveled faster to his muscles
E) This scenario is not actually possible. The brain must register pain before a person can react |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following mediates sleep and arousal?
A) the reticular formation, along with the hypothalamus and thalamus
B) the limbic system, which includes the amygdala and hippocampus
C) the left hemisphere and cerebral cortex
D) the midbrain and cerebellum
C) the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
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Term
Anesthetics block pain by blocking the transmission of the nerve signals. Which of these three chemicals might work as anesthetics (choose all that apply and explain selection)?
A)A chemical that prevents the opening of the sodium channels in membranes
B) a chemical that inhibits the enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters
C) a chemical that blocks neurotransmitter receptos |
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Definition
A and C prevent action potentials from occurring
B could increase generation of action potentials |
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Term
Eighty y.o Mr. Johnson was becoming slightly deaf. To test his hearing, his doctor held a vibrating tuning fork tightly against the back of Mr. Johnson's skull. This sent vibrations through the bones of the skull, setting the fluid in the cochlea in motion. Mr. Johnson could hear the tuning fork this way, but not when it was held away from the skill a few inches. The problem was probably in the.... (explain your answer)
A) auditory center in his brain
B) auditory nerve leading to the brain
C) hair cells in the cochlea
D) bones of the middle ear
E) fluid of the cochlea |
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Definition
D
He could hear the fork against his skull- cochlea, nerve, and brain OK
Sounds not being transmitted to cochlea; therefore the bones are the problem |
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Term
Which of the following correctly traces the path of light into your eye?
A) lens, cornea, pupil, retina
B) cornea, pupil, lens, retina
C) cornea, lens, pupil, retina
D) lens, pupil, cornea, retina
E) pupil, cornea, lens, retina |
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Definition
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Term
If you look away from and focus eyes on a distant object, the eye muscles ____ and the lenses ___ to focus images on the retinas.
A) relax... flatten
B) relax... become more rounded
C) contract... flatten
D) contract... become more rounded
E) contract... relax |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are not present in human skin?
A) thermoreceptors
B) electromagnetic receptors
C) touch receptors
D) pressure receptors
E) pain receptors |
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Definition
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Term
Jim had his eyes tested and found that he has 20/40 vision. This means that...
A) the muscles in his iris accommodate too slowly
B) he is farsighted
C) the vision in his left eye is normal, but his right eye is defective
D) he can see at 40 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 20 feet
E) he can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 40 feet |
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Definition
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Term
What do the receptor cells on the skin of a fish and the cochlea of your ear have in common?
A) They use hair cells to sense sound or pressure waves
B) They are organs of equilibrium
C) They use electromagnetic receptors to sense pressure waves in fluid
D) They use granules that signal a change in position and stimulate their receptor cells
E) They are homologous structures that share a common evolutionary origin with all organs of hearing |
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Definition
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Term
Although many chimpanzee population live in environments containing oil-palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the cuts. The most likely explanation for this behaviour difference between populations is that...
A) members of different populations differ in manual dexterity
B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements
C) members of different populations differ in learning ability
D) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations
E) the behavioural difference is caused by genetic differences between populations |
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Definition
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Term
Pheasants do not feed their chicks. Immediately after hatching, a pheasant chick starts pecking at seeds and insects on the ground. How might a behavioural ecologist explain the ultimate cause of this behaviour?
A) Pecking is a fixed action pattern
B) Pheasants learned to peck, and their offspring inherited this behaviour
C) Pheasants that peck survived and reproduced best
D) Pecking is a result of imprinting during a sensitive period
E) Pecking is an example of habituation |
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Definition
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Term
A blue jar that aids its parents in raising its siblings is increasing its...
A) reproductive success
B) status in a dominance hierarchy
C) altruistic behaviour
D) inclusive fitness
E) certainty of paternity |
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Definition
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Term
Ants carry dead ants out of the anthill and dump them on a "trash pile". If a live ant is painted with a chemical from dead ants, other ants repeatedly carry it, kicking and struggling, to the trash pile, until the substance wears off. Which of the following best explains this behaviour?
A) The chemical triggers a fixed action pattern
B) The ants have become imprinted on the chemical
C) The ants continue the behaviour until they become habituated
D) The ants can learn only by trial and error
E) The chemical triggers a negative taxis |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sense found in some animals but not humans? |
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Definition
Echolocation (locating objects by detecting echos of emitted sound waves)
Electroreception (ability to detect electrical fields)
Magnetoreception (ability to detect magnetic fields) |
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Term
| Animals sense gather information to guide what? |
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Definition
| Predation, migration, and other behaviours such as finding a mate |
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|
Term
| All senses trigger the same type of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Perception is the brains integration of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
| Specialized cells or neurons that detect stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What do sensory receptors do? |
|
Definition
| Convert stimulus energy to action potential |
|
|
Term
| What is sensory transduction? |
|
Definition
| Conversion of stimulus energy to receptor potentials |
|
|
Term
| What do receptor potentials do? |
|
Definition
| Trigger action potentials (which are transmitted to the brain) |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus strength increases.... |
|
Definition
| Action potential frequency |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Lead to sensory adaptation or decreasing sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What are the five categories of stimuli detected by specialized sensory receptors in humans? |
|
Definition
Pain receptors (detect dangerous stimuli)
Thermoreceptors (detect heat of cold)
Mechanoreceptors (respond to mechanical energy, touch pressure, and sound)
Chemoreceptors (respond to chemicals)
Electromagnetic receptors (respond to electricity, magnetism, and light- sensed by photoreceptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ear converting air pressure waves to action potentials |
|
|
Term
| How does the human ear channel sound waves? |
|
Definition
From the outer ear
to the eardrum
to a chain of bones in the middle ear
to the fluid in the coiled cochlea in the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| Pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea do what? |
|
Definition
| Bend hair cells in the organ of corti against a membrane which triggers nerve signals to the brain |
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|
Term
| High- pitched sounds generate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Louder sounds generate higher amplitude waves and thus... |
|
Definition
| More action potentials (volume) |
|
|
Term
| Different pitches stimulate different regions of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of hearing loss? |
|
Definition
0-25: decibels are normal
26-40: mild hearing loss
41-55: moderate
56-70: moderately severe
71-90: sever
>90: profound |
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|
Term
| Where are our organs of balance stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The organs of balance include what? |
|
Definition
Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule
These sense body position and movement |
|
|
Term
| Motion sickness is caused by conflicting signals between what? |
|
Definition
| Organs of balance (inner ear) and vision from the eyes |
|
|
Term
| Motion sickness may be reduced by what? |
|
Definition
| Sedatives (Dramamine, Bonine), ginger tablets or pressure point wrist bands |
|
|
Term
| Invertebrate eyes include... |
|
Definition
| Simple eye cups that sense light intensity and direction |
|
|
Term
| Compound eyes of insects are characterized by... |
|
Definition
| Many lenses, acute motion detectors, and most seeing in colour |
|
|
Term
| Insects are legally blind, meaning what? |
|
Definition
| Their resolution is 100 x worse than ours |
|
|
Term
| Insects can see what that is invisible to humans? |
|
Definition
UltraViolet light
Flower petals reflect UV light; bees have green, blue, and UV receptors and insects see only one image not many |
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|
Term
| Single lens eyes are found in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main characteristics of vertebrate eyes? |
|
Definition
Single lens
Light is focused by the curved cornea and lens
Changing the shape of the lens focuses near and far
Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light |
|
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Term
| Near-sighted-ness and far-sightned-ness... |
|
Definition
Result when the focal point is not on the retina
Corrective lenses bend the light rays to compensate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decreased flexibility of lens due to age
Decreased ability to focus closely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blurred vision, misshapen lens or cornea |
|
|
Term
| What two types of photoreceptors do the human retina contain? |
|
Definition
Rods: more sensitive to light, detect shades of gray in dim light
Cones: less sensitive to light, allow us to see colour in bright light |
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|
Term
| Taste and odor receptors detect what? |
|
Definition
| Chemicals present in solution or air |
|
|
Term
| Taste and smell depend on what? |
|
Definition
| Chemoreceptors that bind specific molecules |
|
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Term
| What receptors, located in taste buds on the tongue, produce what five taste sensations? |
|
Definition
| Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami (activated i.e. by monosodium glutamate/ MSG) |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory (smell) sensory neurons line what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People who are up to 3x more sensitive to bitter (up to 25% of humans)
Likely to avoid coffee, alcoholic beverages, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, and other vegetables
Higher risk of obesity and related disease |
|
|
Term
| Why can our sense of taste change as we age? |
|
Definition
Taste sensitivity declines with age
Reduced sense of smell contributes to diminishing flavour perception
Common colds can affect smell and taste |
|
|
Term
| What does the nervous system do? |
|
Definition
| Receives sensory information, integrates it, and commands appropriate responses (may be an action or no action) |
|
|
Term
| What produces oxytocin and vasopressin? |
|
Definition
| The hypothalamus (labour, sexual arousal, social bonding) |
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|
Term
| Behaviour can be interpreted in terms of what? |
|
Definition
| Proximate and ultimate causes |
|
|
Term
| What is a proximate cause? |
|
Definition
| Immediate mechanisms for a behaviour |
|
|
Term
| What are ultimate causes? |
|
Definition
| Evolutionary explanations for behaviour in terms of fitness and survival |
|
|
Term
| What are innate behaviours? |
|
Definition
Fixed action patterns; under strong genetic control
Performed in virtually the same way by all individuals of a species |
|
|
Term
| Who demonstrated innate behaviours and what was their main focus? |
|
Definition
Lorenz and Tinbergen
Behavioural sequences called fixed action patterns (FAPs) |
|
|
Term
| What is a fixed action pattern (FAP)? |
|
Definition
| Unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What does a sign stimulus trigger? |
|
Definition
Fixed action patterns
Often a simple clue in an animal's environment |
|
|
Term
| Genetic programming underlying a fixed action pattern ensures that the activity is... |
|
Definition
Performed correctly without practice
Examples: mating behaviours, parent- offspring interactions |
|
|
Term
| Behaviour is the result of what? |
|
Definition
Genetic and environmental factors
Genetic: programming, includes innate behaviour
Environment: contribute to learning |
|
|
Term
| Learning establishes specific links between what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modification of behaviour as a result of specific experiences
Enables animals to change behaviour in response to changing environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
| What are the various forms of learning? |
|
Definition
Simple behavioural change in response to a single stimulus
Complex problem solving involving entirely new behaviours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of the simplest forms of learning
Animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information |
|
|
Term
| In terms of ultimate causation, habituation may increase what? |
|
Definition
| Fitness by allowing an animal's nervous system to focus on stimuli that signal: food, mates, real danger |
|
|
Term
| What does imprinting require? |
|
Definition
| Innate behaviour and experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible learning limited to a sensitive period in an animals life (enhances fitness by enabling rapid learning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random movement in response to a stimulus (may be starting, stopping, changing speed, turning more or less frequently, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Response directed toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) a stimulus
Example: stream fish orienting themselves upstream |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in spatial learning? |
|
Definition
| Animals establish memories of landmarks in their environment |
|
|
Term
| What do landmarks (of spatial learning) indicate? |
|
Definition
| Locations of food, nest sites, prospective mates, potential hazards |
|
|
Term
| How can an animal move around its environment using landmarks alone? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive map; an internal representation/ code of the spatial relationships among objects in an animals surroundings |
|
|
Term
| What does movement in a directed way enable animals to do? |
|
Definition
Avoid predators
Migrate to a more favorable environment (monarchs, birds, bats)
Obtain food
Find mates and nest sites |
|
|
Term
| What is associative learning? |
|
Definition
| Learning that a particular stimulus or response is linked to a reward or punishment |
|
|
Term
| What is trial-and-error learning? |
|
Definition
| An animals ability to learn to associate one of its ow behaviours with a positive or negative effect |
|
|
Term
| What does social learning do? |
|
Definition
| Employs observation and imitation of others |
|
|
Term
| How may animals learn to associate with a response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Learning by observing the behaviour of others
Ex. predators learning hunting tactics from mothers |
|
|
Term
| Problem-solving behaviour relies on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of an animals nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information; some animals have complex cognitive abilities that include problem solving |
|
|
Term
| What is problem- solving? |
|
Definition
| Ability to apply past experience to novel situations |
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|
Term
| Animals are generally what is their food choices? |
|
Definition
Selective and efficient
Feeding generalists and specialists |
|
|
Term
| What is the theory of optimal foraging? |
|
Definition
| Natural selection has shaped feeding behaviour to maximize energy gain and minimize expenditure of time and energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism that enables an animal to find particular foods efficiently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An essential element of interactions between individuals
Signal stimulus transmitted by one animal to another animal |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of signaling used in animal communication? |
|
Definition
Sounds
Scents
Displays
Touches |
|
|
Term
| What is social behaviour? |
|
Definition
| Any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Applies evolutionary theory to the study and interpretation of social behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An area, usually fixed in location, which individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excluded |
|
|
Term
| Agnostic behaviour resolves what? |
|
Definition
| Confrontations between competitors |
|
|
Term
| What is agnostic behaviour? |
|
Definition
Social behaviour that consists of threats and combat that settles disputes between individuals in a population
Can directly affect an individuals evolutionary fitness |
|
|
Term
| How are dominance hierarchies usually maintained? |
|
Definition
| Through agnostic bahviour |
|
|
Term
| What is a dominance hierarchy? |
|
Definition
| Ranking of individuals based on social interactions |
|
|
Term
| Dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behaviours are an integral part of which species' lives? |
|
Definition
Chimpanzees, as seen by Jane Goodall
Social primates seem to spend substantial time in reconciliation and pacification- type behaviour |
|
|
Term
| Many social behaviours are what? |
|
Definition
Selfish; to maximize an individuals survival and reproductive success
Therefore favored by selection |
|
|
Term
| What behaviour to many social animals exhibit (besides selfishness)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviour that reduces an individuals fitness while increasing the fitness of others in the population |
|
|
Term
| Altruistic acts can often be explain by what? |
|
Definition
| Concept of inclusive fitness |
|
|
Term
| Some altruistic acts can be explained in terms of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An animal can increase the survival of genes like its own by helping relatives |
|
|
Term
| What is reciprocal altruism? |
|
Definition
| Favor may be repaid later by the beneficiary or another member of the social system (explain altruistic acts by nonrelatives) |
|
|
Term
| What does conservation biology do? |
|
Definition
Seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis
Touches all levels of ecology
Preserves habitats and ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| Scientists estimate Earth has how many species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three levels of biodiversity? |
|
Definition
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity |
|
|
Term
| What are endangered species? |
|
Definition
A species that is "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of is range"
Protected by Endangered Species Act |
|
|
Term
| What are threatened species? |
|
Definition
| Those likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of coral reefs are damaged by human activities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of coral reefs are damaged by human activities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of reefs are home to 1/3 of marine fish species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it possible that the marine fish in the coral reefs could be lost in the next 30-40 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What poses the greatest threat to biodiversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes habitation alteration? |
|
Definition
| Agriculture, urban development, forestry, mining, environmental pollution |
|
|
Term
| What are three major threats to biodiversity? |
|
Definition
| Habitat destruction, invasive species, and overexploitation |
|
|
Term
| The second largest threat to biodiversity is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Compete with native species
Prey on native species
Parasitize native species |
|
|
Term
| What is the third largest threat to biodiversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overharvesting has threatened what? |
|
Definition
| Rare trees, fish, and bison |
|
|
Term
| Pollution from humans on the environment impacts other species how? |
|
Definition
Through the global water cycle (transporting pollutants like pesticide and sulfur)
Gradually thins the ozone layer (chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol cans and manufacturing)
Nutrient pollution from fertilizer and wastes |
|
|
Term
| Pollutants in a food chain can lead to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the scientific debate on global warming, the global temp has risen... |
|
Definition
0.8 degrees in the last 100 years
0.6 degrees of that increase occurred in the last three decades
2-4.5 degrees increases are likely by the end of the 21st century |
|
|
Term
| Why is the arctic the most evident place for global warming? |
|
Definition
| Shrinking sea ice, thinning ice sheets, and melting permafrost |
|
|
Term
| Most of the natural selection (which is driven by the global climate change in some organisms) is attributed to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phenotypic plasticity? |
|
Definition
Altering phenotype in response to environmental conditions
Within the normal range of genetic expression
Can involve genetic shifts that change a species
Prevents extinction of some species |
|
|
Term
| What is population fragmentation? |
|
Definition
A harmful effect of habitat loss
Splitting and isolation of portions of populations
Can lead to extinctions |
|
|
Term
| What is the past and current priority of conservation biology? |
|
Definition
Saving individual species
Biodiversity of ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| What is landscape ecology? |
|
Definition
| Dynamics of a collection of ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| How is fragmentation corrected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are biodiversity hot spots? |
|
Definition
Concentration of endemic species
Concentration of a large number of endangered and threatened species |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the worlds land is in various forms of reserves (to protect biodiversity)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is restoration ecology? |
|
Definition
| Uses ecological principles to restore environments |
|
|
Term
| What are some forms of restoring environments? |
|
Definition
Bioremediation (using organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems)
Replanting native vegetation
Repairing waterways and wetlands |
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