Term
|
Definition
| irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus |
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|
Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
|
Definition
| stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
|
|
Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
|
Definition
| unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
|
|
Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacit to evoke a conditioned response |
|
|
Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
|
Definition
| learned reaction to a conditional stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning |
|
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Term
| basic processes of classical conditioning |
|
Definition
1. acquisition
2. extinction
3. spontaneous recovery |
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Term
|
Definition
forming new responses
initial stage of learning something
depends on stimulus contiguity (occurrence of stimuli together in time and space) |
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Term
|
Definition
weakening conditioned response
gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
conditioned fears are hard to extinguish |
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Term
|
Definition
resurrecting responses
reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
when an organism that has a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
adaptive -> rarely encounter exact same stimulus twice |
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Term
|
Definition
when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
adaptive -> identify poisonous food, friend, or foe
the less similar new stimuli are to the original conditioned stimulus, the greater the likelihood (and ease) of discrimination |
|
|
Term
| higher-order conditioning |
|
Definition
| a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
governs voluntary responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened |
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Term
|
Definition
| when an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response |
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Term
| basic processes in operant conditioning |
|
Definition
1. acquisition and shaping
2. extinction
3. stimulus control |
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Term
|
Definition
| when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated |
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Term
|
Definition
| cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (enforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response |
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Term
|
Definition
| responding to a new stimulus as if it weren't the original |
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Term
|
Definition
| respond only to original stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
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|
Term
| secondary (conditioned) reinforcers |
|
Definition
| events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
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|
Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced |
|
|
Term
| intermittent (partial) reinforcement |
|
Definition
| occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time |
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Term
|
Definition
| require the organism to make designated response a certain number of times to gain each reinforcer |
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|
Term
| fixed ratio schedule (FR) |
|
Definition
| reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses |
|
|
Term
| variable ratio schedule (VR) |
|
Definition
| reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers |
|
|
Term
| variable interval schedule (VI) |
|
Definition
| reinforcer is first given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed |
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|
Term
| variable interval schedule (VI) |
|
Definition
| reinforcer is first given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some unpleasant stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism acquires a response that prevents some unpleasant stimulation from occurring |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
concept of punishment confusing in operant conditioning:
1. confuse it with negative reinforcement
2. tendency to equate punishment with disciplinary procedures used by parents, teachers, and authority figures |
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Term
|
Definition
animals innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
Ex: conditioned taste aversion, eat something that makes you sick, the next time you see it it makes you feel sick |
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Term
|
Definition
learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
learning ca take place in absence of reinforcement
rats who displayed latent learning formed a cognitive map of the maze |
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Term
|
Definition
| mental representation of the spatial layout |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
being conditioned indirectly by virtue of observing another's conditioning |
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Term
| basic processes of observational learning |
|
Definition
1. attention
2. retention
3. reproduction
4. motivation |
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|
Term
| attention in observational learning |
|
Definition
| must pay attention to another person's behavior and its consequences |
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|
Term
| retention in observational learning |
|
Definition
| must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory |
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Term
| reproduction in observational learning |
|
Definition
| enacting a modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behavior |
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|
Term
| motivation in observational learning |
|
Definition
| unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless motivated to do so. motivation depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you think response is likely to pay off |
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Term
|
Definition
involves forming a memory code
requires attention |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves recovering information from memory stores |
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Term
|
Definition
involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
likened to a filter
debate whether filtered early or late |
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Term
|
Definition
1.shallow processing
2.intermediate processing
3.deep processing |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
emphasizes physical structure of stimulus
Ex. Is word written in capital letters? |
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Term
|
Definition
emphasizes what a word sounds like
Ex. Does the word rhyme with weight? |
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Term
|
Definition
emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
Ex. Would the word fin in the sentence:
"He met a ____ on the street?" |
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Term
| levels of processing theory |
|
Definition
| proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes |
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Term
|
Definition
1.elaboration
2.visual imagery
3.self referent encoding |
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Term
|
Definition
linking a stimulus to other info @ the time of encoding
enhances semantic encoding |
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Term
| visual imagery --> dual encoding theory |
|
Definition
| hold that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves deciding how or whether info is personally relevant |
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Term
|
Definition
| preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second |
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Term
|
Definition
| limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the info |
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Term
|
Definition
group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
can increase STM capacity by combining stimuli into larger, possibly higher order chunks |
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Term
| Baddeley's Model of Working Memory |
|
Definition
1. Phonological Loop
2. visuospatial sketchpad
3. central executive
4. episodic buffer
model accounts for evidence that STM handles a greater variety of functions than previously thought |
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Term
|
Definition
at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold a phone number
believed to have evolved to facilitate acquisition of language |
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Term
|
Definition
permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images.
at work when you metally try to rearrange your bedroom, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
controls deployment of attention, switching and dividing attention as needed.
coordinates action of other modules |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary limited capacity store that allows various components of working memory to integrate info and that serves as an interface between working and long term memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| an unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods |
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Term
|
Definition
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
Ex. remember where you were on 9/11 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a multi-level classification system based on common properties among items |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organized cluster of knowledge abotu a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event |
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Term
|
Definition
consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
length of pathway represents the degree of association between 2 concepts --> shorter pathways imply stronger associations |
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|
Term
| parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
|
Definition
| simultaneously processing of the same info that is spread across networks of neurons |
|
|
Term
| connectionist (or PDP) models |
|
Definition
| assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks |
|
|
Term
| PDP models assert that ... |
|
Definition
| specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks |
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|
Term
| in connectionist networks ... |
|
Definition
| a piece of knowledge is represented by a particular pattern of activation across an entire network --> info lies in strengths of connections |
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Term
| tip of the tongue phenomenon |
|
Definition
| temporary inability to remember someting you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimuli that help gain access to memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| trying to recall an event by outting yourself back in the context which it occurred involves working with contact clues to aid retrieval |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event info |
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Term
|
Definition
involves making attributions about the origins of memories
when people pull up specific memory records they have to make decisions at the time of retrieval about where the memories came from, much of the time decisions are so easy and automatic people make them without being aware of the process |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source |
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|
Term
|
Definition
refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (ones perception of actual events) or internal sources (ones thoughts and imaginations)
one is more likely to infer than an event didn't happen when memories of it lack sensory or contextual details or are difficult to retrieve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
curve describes the rate at which you forget things
curve much less steep when remembering meaningful material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered) |
|
|
Term
| three principal methods used to measure forgetting |
|
Definition
1. recall
2. recognition
3. relearning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of retention requires a subject to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before |
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|
Term
|
Definition
never actually learned in the first place
usually due to lack of attention |
|
|
Term
| phonomic encoding is inferior to ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
propses that forgetting occurs because memory traces face with time
doesn't explain forgetting LTM |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material |
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Term
|
Definition
| when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| previously learned info interferes with retention of new info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mismatch occurs between retrieval cues and the encoding of the information you're searching for |
|
|
Term
| encoding specificity principle |
|
Definition
| the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code |
|
|
Term
| transfer-appropriate processing |
|
Definition
| occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
|
|
Term
| recovered memories controversy |
|
Definition
common for people to repress traumatic incidents in their unconscious
self assessments of personal memory are often distorted
difficult to distinguish between a period when memory was not available because of repression |
|
|
Term
| conclusions about recovered memories |
|
Definition
therapists can create false memories
some recovered memories are authentic
all our memories are imperfect reconstructions of the past that are subject to distortion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory consolidation location |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| critical to the formation of memories for learned fears |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into the durable memory codes stored in long term memory |
|
|
Term
| declarative memory system |
|
Definition
handles factual info
recollection of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas
1.sematic memory system
2. episodic memory system |
|
|
Term
| nondeclarative memory system |
|
Definition
houses meory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses
contains procedural memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how to execute perceptual motor skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
-> general facts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
made up of chronological, or temporarily dated, recollections of personal experiences
-> personal facts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involves remembering to perform actions in the future
habitual tasks easier to remember than infrequent
event/time based tasks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
involves remembering events from the past or previously learned info
trying to remember who won last year's super bowl
previously learned information |
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Term
|
Definition
| childhood memories encoded differently than current memories so brain can't recognize it as a memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Sensorimotor period
2.preoperational period
3.concrete operational period
4.formal operational period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
birth - 2
coordination of input and motor repsonses
development of object permanence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they're no longer visible |
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Term
|
Definition
2-7
development of symbolic though marked by irreversability, centration, and egocentrism (mental images)
develop concept of conservation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paiaget's term for awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
7-11
mental operations applied to concrete events
mastery of conservation and hierarchial classification
reversability
decentration (ability to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
11-adult
mental operations applied to abstract ideas
logical and systematic thinking
enjoy thinkg about abstract concepts |
|
|
Term
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
|
Definition
| gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what he/she can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses |
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Term
|
Definition
| gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs if a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response |
|
|
Term
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
fuel of development |
|
Definition
P- active exploration of world around them
V- social interactions with parents, teachers, and children who can provide valuable guidance |
|
|
Term
Piaget vs Vygotsky
culture |
|
Definition
P- universal process across cultures
V- culture has great impact |
|
|
Term
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
language |
|
Definition
P- gradual master of language as part of cognitive development
V- language acquisition plays crucial role in development |
|
|
Term
| problems of inducting structure |
|
Definition
discover relations
Ex. series complexation problems, analogies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arrange to fit some criterion set
string problem, anagrams |
|
|
Term
| problems of transformation |
|
Definition
carry out sequence of transformations to achieve goal
water jar problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
young children less vulnerable to this than adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applying ones that aren't there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for awhile
"AHA moment" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refer to the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver
see problem as a search in space |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| different approaches until successful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methodical step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions |
|
|
Term
| field dependence-independence |
|
Definition
| individuals tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rely on external frames
agricultural or conformist societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rely on internal frames
nomadic, personal autonomy |
|
|
Term
| theory of bounded rationality |
|
Definition
| people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
|
|
Term
| representativeness heuristic |
|
Definition
| basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone |
|
|
Term
| alternatives outcome effect |
|
Definition
| occurs when people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant |
|
|
Term
| Concepts: The Classical Model |
|
Definition
| necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership |
|
|
Term
| Concepts: The Prototype Model |
|
Definition
we have an example in our mind of a category member
use example to classify others into category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
level you most quickly identify things at
most info for the effort spent identifying it
usually single simple word |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have scope --> can only be so big
Ex. having to mentally zoom in to see a small object in a big scene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
look at structural features of the problem
better representation coded more efficiently |
|
|
Term
weak problem solving methods
(domain general) |
|
Definition
| difference reduction, means-end analysis (end you want to achieve and the resources you have to achieve it), working backward, trial and error |
|
|
Term
strong problem solving methods
(domain specific) |
|
Definition
| algorithms, heuristics, analogies (relationships among elements that aren't obvious on the surface) |
|
|
Term
| tendency to ignore base rate |
|
Definition
| forget about general probability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.mental ability
2.personality |
|
|
Term
| types of mental ability tests |
|
Definition
1.intelligence tests
2.aptitude tests
3.achievement tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values adn attitudes
prefer to call them scales because there are no right or wrong answers to questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measure general ability
assess intellectual potential rather than previous learning or accumulated knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
assess specific types of mental abilities
measure potential more than knowledge, but break mental ability into separate components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects
measure previous learning instead of potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test
includes developing test norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test
score relative to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of a test to measure what it is designed to measure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover |
|
|
Term
| criterion-related validity |
|
Definition
| estimated by correlating subject's scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which evidence shows that test measures a particular hypothetical construct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abstract quality for which no obvious criterion exist
creativity, intelligence, extraversion, independence |
|
|
Term
| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
|
Definition
child's mental age divided by chronological age, by multiplied by 100
ration made it possible to compare kids of different ages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution using standard deviation as a unit of measurement
can convert to percentile scores
mean=100 sd=15 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subaverage general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating before age 18. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
identification relies almost entirely on IQ scores
rarely consider special talent, creativity, or leadership
debate on social abilities of gifted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
can't be applied meaningfully to individuals
can vary between groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
performance on IQ tests has steadily increased over generations
possible explanations:
1. reduction in prevalence of malnutrition in children
2.increased access to schooling and more demanding curricula in schools
3.advances in technology (video games) have enhanced visuospatial and other cognitive skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deragatory stereotypes of stigmatized groups intellectual capabilities create unique feelings of vulnerability in educational arena
Ex. race, sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
correlation between faster reaction time and higher IQ score
too weak to use RT to evaluate intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assess how long it takes participants to make simple perceptual discriminations that meet certain criterion for accuracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very small positive correlation between brain size and intelligence |
|
|
Term
| Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence |
|
Definition
hallmarks of intelligence are the abilities to deal with novelty and handle familiar tasks automatically
1. Contextual Subtheory
2. Experimental Subtheory
3. Componential Subtheory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specifies behaviors considered intelligent in a culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specifies how experiences affect intelligence and how intelligence affects a person's experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specifies cognitive processes that underlie all intelligent behavior |
|
|
Term
| components of componential subtheory |
|
Definition
1.meta component
2.knowledge and acquisition component
3.performance component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control, monitor, and evaluate processing |
|
|
Term
| knowledge and acquisition component |
|
Definition
| encode, combine, and compare info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| execute strategies assembled by meta component |
|
|
Term
| intelligences in the performance component |
|
Definition
1.practical intelligence
2.analytical intelligence
3.creative intelligence |
|
|
Term
| Gardner's 8 Intelligences |
|
Definition
1. logical-mathematical
2. linguistic
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
size of short term memory
speed of processing
blood flow to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotions are generally accompanied by visceral arousal which most occurs through the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulates activity of glands, smooth muscles, and blood vessels
fight or flight response |
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Definition
device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned
heart rate, bp, respiration rate, galvanic skin response |
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Definition
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| 2 pathways emotion can route along upon arriving in thalamus |
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Definition
1. amygdala - fast track
2. cortex - leisurely |
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Term
| prefrontal cortex in emotion |
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Definition
* voluntary control emotional reactions
* modulate emotions involved with pursuit of goals |
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Term
| cingulate cortex in emotion |
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Definition
* processing of pain-related emotional distress
* activated when people wrestle with emotion laden conflicts about choices |
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Term
| mesolimbic dopamine pathway in emotion |
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Definition
* experience pleasurable emotions associated with rewarding events
* activated by cocaine and other abused drugs |
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Term
| right hemisphere in emotion |
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Definition
* larger role in perception of others emotions
* when you experience emotion, mediates positive emotions |
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Term
| left hemisphere in emotion |
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Definition
| when experience emotion, mediates negative emotions |
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Term
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Definition
1.happiness
2.sadness
3.fear
4.anger
5.surprise
6.disgust |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
facial muscles send signals to the brain and that these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing
smiles, etc help create subjective experience of various emotions
mimic facial expressions, feel emotion correlated with the expression |
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Definition
norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions
vary among cultures
* japan: suppress feelings of negative emotion in public
* ifaluk: restrict displays of happiness |
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| cross cultural differences in emotion |
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Definition
1. english words that have no equivalent meaning (depression, anxiety, remorse)
2. nonverbal expressions |
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Definition
1. common sense
2. James-Lange
3. Cannon-Bard
4. Chachter's Two Factor |
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Definition
| "I tremble because I feel afraid" |
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Definition
* conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal
* different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
"I feel afraid because I tremble" |
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Definition
* emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex, creating conscious experience of emotion, and to the autonomic nervous system, creating visceral arousal
"The dog makes me tremble and feel afraid" |
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Term
| Schachter's Two-Factor Theory |
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Definition
* people look at situational cues to differentiate between alternative emotions
* experience of emotion depends on two factors: autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of arousal
"I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation to be dangerous" |
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Term
| evolutionary theories of emotion |
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Definition
* consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli
* theorists believe emotion developed before thought
* learning and cognition may have small influence
* evolution equipped humans with small number of innate emotions with proven adaptive value
* propose many emotions people experience are produced by blends of primary emotions and variations in intensity |
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Definition
| individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction |
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| factors that don't predict happiness |
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Definition
| money, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness |
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Term
| moderately good predictors of happiness |
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Definition
| health, social activity, religion |
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| strong predictors of happiness |
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Definition
| love and marriage, work, personality |
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Term
| conclusions about subjective well-being |
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Definition
1. objective realities are not as important as subjective feelings
2. when it comes to happiness everything is relative
3. research indicates that people often adapt to their circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or base line for comparison changes
-> can put on hedonic treadmill: neutral point moves upward so that improvements yield no real benefits
->protects mental and physical health when facing major setbacks |
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Definition
| minimum stimulus intensity than an organism can detect |
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Term
| justifiable noticeable difference (JND) |
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Definition
| smallest difference in stimulus intensity that an organism can detect |
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Term
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Definition
| size of a justifiable noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the size of the original stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
proposes that detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity
*hits, misses, false alarms, correct rejections
*attempts to account for influence of decision making processes on stimulus detection |
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Term
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Definition
registration of sensory input with out conscious awareness
*subliminal = below threshold |
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Term
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Definition
gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulus
*stay in a room that smells bad, you get used to the smell |
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Definition
| tiny spot in center of retina that contain only cones; spot with greatest visual acuity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| things you know how to do but can't describe, memory of actions |
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Definition
things you can tell somebody about
two types:
1.episodic
2.semantic |
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Term
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Definition
| of a visual cell is the retinal area that when stimulated affects the firing of that cell |
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Definition
| occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells |
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Definition
| neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli |
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Definition
processes details of what
**perception of form and color |
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Definition
processes details of where
**perception of motion and depth |
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Definition
| psychological interpretation, not a physical property of light itself |
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Term
| how amplitude affects light |
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Definition
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| how wavelength affects light |
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Definition
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| the affect of purity on color |
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Definition
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Definition
| shows people can perceive many different hues |
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Definition
removing some wvelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there
ex. mixing paint, stacking color filters |
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Definition
superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light persists
*shine spot lights on white surface |
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Term
| trichromatic color theory of color vision |
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Definition
human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different wave lengths
*light of any color can be matched by the additive mixture of three primary colors |
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Term
| opponent process theory of color vision |
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Definition
holds that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors
*r vs g, y vs b, black vs white |
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Definition
visual image persists after a stimulus is removed
*color of after image is the complement of the color that you stare at |
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| explaining color vision.. |
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Definition
| takes both trichromatic color theory of color vision and opponent process theory of color vision |
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Definition
| a drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth |
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Definition
| readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way |
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Definition
| failure to see visible objects or events because one's attention is focused elsewhere |
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Definition
| progression from individual elements to the whole |
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Definition
| progression from the whole to the elements |
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Definition
| perception of contours where none actually exist |
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Definition
| illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession |
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Term
| elements of phi phenomenon |
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Definition
1.figure and ground
2.proximity
3.closure
4.similarity
5.simplicity
6.continuity |
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Definition
figure: thing being looked at
ground: background around which it stands
ex. black and white picture where you can see more than one thing |
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Definition
things near one another
make shapes out of many dots |
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Definition
people often group elements to create a sense of closure or completeness
may complete figures that have gaps |
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Definition
group similar stimuli
color,shape,or size |
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Definition
pragnanz->good form
good form=simple
organize things into good form (make simple) |
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Definition
tendency to follow the direction they've been led
connect the dots, etc |
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Definition
| stimuli that lie in the distance (outside the body) |
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Definition
stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors
images formed by light patterns |
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Definition
inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed
*guided by experience based expectations |
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Definition
| interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are |
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Definition
| clues about distance based on differing views between the two eyes |
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Term
| two kinds of binocular depth cues |
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Definition
1.retinal disparity
2.convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that objects within 25ft project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so each eye sees a slightly different view of the object |
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Definition
| involves sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects |
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Definition
| clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone |
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Term
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Definition
1. motion parallax
2. pictorial depth cues |
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Definition
| images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates |
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Definition
clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture
*linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative size, height in plane, light and shadow |
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Definition
| a tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input |
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Definition
| apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulis and its physical reality |
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Definition
| objects that can be represented in 2D pictures but can't exist in 3D spaces |
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