Term
| psychosocial basis of sexuality |
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Definition
| pyschological factors and social conditioning have a crucial impact on sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| self-understanding,interpersonal sexual skills, scientific knowledge, and consideration of the cultural context of sexuality |
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Term
| Pharmacists & emergency contraception |
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Definition
| dependent on the state's "conscience clause" meaning that many states have made it legal for pharmacists to refuse to fill a women's prescription for emergency contraception based on their personal beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| people with more education masturbate more often then less-educated people |
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Term
| Hispanic cultural expectations for males & females |
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Definition
| Males are often encouraged to take part in sexual exploration, but there is high value placed on chastity before marriage for women |
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Term
| acculturation effect on sexuality |
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Definition
| recent immigrants tend to be close to the traditional values of their place of origin, but most people whose family has lived in the US for several generations tends to be well assimilate |
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Term
| education level and socioeconomic influence |
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Definition
| these factors create fluidity within the same ethnic group, they have a critical influence on sexual attitudes and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the only moral sexual expression occurs within marriage for purposes of procreation |
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Term
| sex for reproduction focus effect on today's culture |
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Definition
| sex and intercourse are considered synonymous which limits it to penile-vaginal sex |
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Term
| limitations of focus on penile-vaginal sex |
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Definition
| this perpetuates the focus that a man's penis is the primary source for satisfaction, places tremendous pressure on both parties. Also can devalue nonintercourse sexual intimacy. |
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Term
| Gender roles influence on sexuality |
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Definition
| the rigid gender-role conditioning can limit each person's potential and harm people's sexuality. Ex. the idea that a man must always initiate sexual activity can put tremendous pressure on the male and limit the female's likelihood of discovering her own needs |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding, predicting, and controlling or influencing the events that are the subject matter of the respective fields. |
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Term
| Males & sexually violent pornography |
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Definition
| rapists have reported high levels of exposure to sexually violent pornography. However, it is unclear whether the two things are directly related. surveys have shown that exposure can lead to increased tolerance for sexually agressive behavior, greater acceptance of the myth that women want to be raped, reduced sensitivity to rape victims, and desensitization to violence against women |
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Term
| Kinsey’s research contributions |
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Definition
| Kinsey was the first researcher to conduct an extensive general survey of American sexual behaviors in the late 1940 to early 1950s. Some of his data that is still relevant includes, sexual behavior is influenced by educational level and that heterosexuality or homosexuality is often not an all-or-none proposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| most of our info on human sexuality has been obtained from surveys. However, nonresponse is a common problem |
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Term
| Characteristics of people who participate in sex research |
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Definition
| more sexually experienced, and hold more positive attitudes toward sexuality and sex research. Men are more likely to volunteer. |
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Term
| National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior Survey |
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Definition
| one of the largest nationally representative investigations of sexual health and behaviors to date released by Indiana University. People age 14-94 were surveyed via the internet. |
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Term
| Masters & Johnson’s contributions to sex research |
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Definition
| most famous example of direct observational research to learn about physiological changes during sexual arousal. Provided a wealth of info about the manner in which women and man respond physiologically to sexual stimulation. They observed no biological difference between clitoral and vaginal orgasms. |
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Term
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Definition
| in an experimental research design, an outcome or resulting behavior that the experimenter observes and records but does not control |
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Term
| Experimentation and cause-effect relationships |
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Definition
| one of the primary advantages of experimental research is the ability to control variable precisely which allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect |
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Term
| Ethical guidelines of sex research |
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Definition
| require that no pressure or coercion be applied to ensure the participation of volunteers in research, researchers avoid procedures that might cause physical or psychological harm to human subjects. Researchers need to obtain informed consent from participants before conducting an experiment. Researcher's must also respect a subject's right to refuse to participate at any time. If deception must be used then a post experiment debriefing must thoroughly explain to participants why the deception was necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| sex refers to our biological maleness and femaleness and gender refers to the psychological and sociocultural characteristics associated with our sex |
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Term
| Gender roles and socialization |
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Definition
| gender roles is a collection of attitudes and behaviors that a specific culture considers normal and appropriate for people of a particular biological sex. Gender roles vary greatly in different societies. However, there are some widely accepted traditional gender-roles that are present in many cultures. Most theorists explain gender roles as largely a product of socialization, the process by which our society conveys behavioral expectations to the individual. |
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Term
| Age of gender identity formation |
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Definition
| biological process occurs before birth, but the social-learning theory occurs by age 3 |
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Term
| Male/female brain differences: Male brain |
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Definition
| Male Brain: Hypothalamus become estrogen in-sensitive, influencing steady production of hormones, two hypothalamic areas are larger in the male brain, cerebral cortex of right hemisphere is thicker, corpus callosum is thinner and more lateralization of function in the male brain is compared to the female brain. |
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Term
Male/female brain differences
FEMALE brain |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus becomes estrogen sensitive influencing cyclic release of hormones, two hypothalamic areas are smaller, cerbral cortex of right hempisphere is thinner, corpus callosum is thicker-----> and less lateralization of function |
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Term
| Trends for intersexed children |
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Definition
| More often then not they have gonads that match their chromosomal sex but ambiguous internal and external reproductive anatomy. These individuals tend to develop a gender identity consistent to the way they are treated. However, this is not always the case. |
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Term
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| A condition resulting from a genetic defect that causes chromosomally normal males to be insensitive to the action of testosterone and other androgens. These individuals develop female external genitals of normal appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| more flexible in their behaviors, less limited by rigid gender-role assumptions, have higher levels of self-esteem, make better decisions in group settings, have better communication skills, and exhibit more social competence and motivation to achieve |
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Term
| Margaret Mead’s research on cultural variations of gender |
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Definition
| her studies revealed that other societies have different views about what is considered feminine or masculine. In two different cultures they minimize the differences between sexes, and in one other society the Masculine and feminine roles are actually reversed of what they are in America. |
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Term
| Transsexuality and childhood |
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Definition
| most transsexuals develop a sense of being at odds with their genital anatomy in early childhood, as early as 5-7. |
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Term
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Definition
| First the individual must have extensive therapy to assure that they are genuine canidates for the surgery, then they must live as the other sex for some time, then they receive hormone therapy for at least a year before they can receive the sex-change procedure. Surgical procedures are more effective for men wishing to be women. |
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Term
| Transsexual satisfaction post surgery |
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Definition
| Many MTF report postsurgical capacity to experience sexual arousal and orgasm, the FTM surgery is much more difficult and way less functioning, orgasm and erotic feeling is only sometimes possible. However, as a whole most people that undergo these procedures experience significant improvement in their overall adjustment to life. |
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Term
| African Americans and egalitarianism |
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Definition
| Because women in the african american communities have had to be strong and provide for themselves since the days of slavery, african american men did not typically assume the dominant role in the family. |
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Term
| Religion and male dominance |
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Definition
| Jewish, Christian, and ISlamic traditions embrace an emphasis on male supremacy, ideas like God presented as a male, and eve being a product of Adam's rib enforce this as well as leadership in these organizations being dominated by males. |
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Term
| Reasons for reluctance report rape |
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Definition
| college students find a lack of institutional support and preparedness to handle allegations of sexual assault. other reasons include self-blame, fear of being blamed by others, concern for the rapist, fear of retaliation, and an attempt to block their recall of traumatic experience, mistrust of the police, fear of reprisal by the offender or family, and concern about unwanted publicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| women and men in these societies share power and authority and contribute equally to the community welfare. IN addition, children of both sexes in these societies are raised to value nurturance and to avoid aggression and violence. |
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Term
| Characteristics of males that rape |
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Definition
| embrace traditional gender roles(particularly male dominance), anger toward women, often have been drinking just before the attack, self-centered personalities, narcissistic personality trait, |
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Term
| Role of communication in rape |
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Definition
| it is important to build a foundation of clear foundation because women's use of token resistance, aka saying no but meaning yes, encourages men to believe that women's refusals are not to be taken seriously |
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Term
| Reasons males do not report rate |
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Definition
| men fear that they will be judged harshly if they report abuse, they also anticipate that law enforcement personnel may not believe that a crime occurred or may believe that they somehow instigated or asked for rape. It also may reflect weakness, and personal blame. |
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Term
| Most common type of incest |
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Definition
| a child and an adult relative(or older sibling) perpetrator more commonly brother-sister and first cousins |
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Term
| Sexual abuse survivor outcomes |
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Definition
| loss of childhood innocence, the contamination and interruption of normal sexual development, and a profound sense of betrayal by a relative, family friend, priest or clergymen, or community leader. low self esteem, guilt, shame, a self-image of "badness", and low expectations of future happiness, depression, alienation, a lack of trust, revulsion at being touched, drug and alcohol abuse, obesity, elevated suicide rate, PTSD, |
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Term
| Relationship between child sex abuse & relationships |
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Definition
| many victims have difficulty forming intimate adult relationships, they often lack emotional and sexual fulfillment, |
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Term
| Parental prevention of child sex abuse |
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Definition
| discuss sexual abuse prevention strategies with young children, avoid making a discussion of child sexual abuse unduly frightening, explain the difference between okay touches, and not-okay touches, and not-okay kisses, encourage them ot believe they have rights, just a lot of discussion about prevention is important |
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Term
| Same sex sexual harassment |
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Definition
| this is a harder aspect to take to court because they find it hard to prove that the accused acted out of "sexual interest" because they claim to be heterosexual. Also people are in fear of being "outed" or perceived as homosexual |
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Term
| Dealing with sexual harassment |
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Definition
| if the harassment includes actual or attempted rape or assault you can file criminal charges, if it has stopped short in attempted rape or assault, consider confronting the person who is harassing you, if this does not work then discuss with your supervisor, if this does not work go to your coworkers, |
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Term
| Sexual harassment by teachers |
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Definition
| most commonly male professors harassing female students, can result in poor school performance, altered or derailed academic careers, and a variety of psychological and physical symptoms |
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Term
| Reducing risk of acquaintance rape |
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Definition
| dating for the first time do so in a public place or in a group situation, look for indications that your date may be a dominating person, cover some of the expenses so that the man doesnt think he is justified to use force to "get what he paid for", avoid using alcohol or drugs when you definitely do not wish to be sexually intimate with your date, avoid behavior that may be interpreted as "teasing", if they behave in a sexually coercive manner, you should directally refuse, and then if necessary use physical force |
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Term
| Strategies to resist rape |
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Definition
| run away if you can, make it difficult for the rapist-shouting, being rude, causing a scene, fighting back-, vomiting screaming or acting crazy can be appropriate responses, talking can be a way to stall and can give you a chance to devise an escape plan or another strategy, remain alert for an opportunity to escape |
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Term
| Response of rape victim following event |
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Definition
| often have feelings of shame, anger, guilt, depression and powerlessness. Also physical symptoms including nausea, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, genital injuries, and sleep disorders. some experience PTSD |
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