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Sugars (polysaccharides) are made of
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Polymers formed from monomers in condensation reactions
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Water moves out of the system, and monomers go in
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| Requires energy input FROM cells |
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| Water moves into the system, and polymers move out. Polymers-> Monomers are cut by hydrolysis. |
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| Proteins are composed of __ |
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One or more polypeptides (chain of amino acids)
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| Proteins can function in : |
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| being enzymes, defense, movement, communication, support, and transport |
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| Amino acid components: ____ |
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| 1. Alpha Carbon 2. Carboxyl group 3. Amino Group 4. R-side chain |
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Protein Structure:
Primary |
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Definition
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, stabilized by peptide bonds
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Protein Structure:
Secondary |
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Definition
Formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets in a polypeptide, stabilized by hydrogen bonding along the peptide backbone
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Protein Structure:
Tertiary |
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3 dimensional shape of polypeptide stabilized by interactions between r groups and the peptide backbone
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Protein Structure:
Quaternary |
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Shape produced by combinations of polypeptides, stabilized by bonds and other interactions between R groups and peptide backbones
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Numbering System of Polypeptide chains
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Definition
N terminus, 1. Gly 2. Ala 3. Ser 4. Asp 5. Phe 6. Val 7. Tyr 8. Cys, c-terminus
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| alpha helices are made up of |
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| Methionine, Glutamic Acid |
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Beta pleated sheets made up of
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| Unfolded Polypeptide will have: |
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Polar side chains facing the outside (hydrophilic) , and nonpolar side chains (hydrophobic) facing the inside
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| proteins that aid in folding are called: |
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| Functions of Nucleic acids |
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| Carry hereditary information, blueprint for proteins, and function in some catalytic activities |
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| May have been beginning of the earliest life? ___ |
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| Carbohydrates subunits ____ |
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| covalent Bonds between monosaccharides to form polysaccharides are called |
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| Lipids- polar or nonpolar, hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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| Fats form via ____ reactions |
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| Fats consist of _____ linked by ____linkages to 3 fatty acids. |
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| Phospholipids are Amphipathic, meaning |
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Definition
Has both POLAR (water soluble) and NONPOLAR (not soluble) portions of its structure.
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| Biological membranes are ____ and _____ permeable. |
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Definition
RNA with Catalyitic properites
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Definition
Structures of protein synthesis
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| Postulated Origin of Life: |
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Definition
self-cleaving ribozyme coded for enzyme to copy RNA
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| naked nucleic acids are susceptible to: |
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Definition
| being damaged or having enzymes wash away |
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| Fats form via ____ reactions. |
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Definition
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| Fats consist of ____ linked by ____ linkages to 3 fatty acids. |
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Definition
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| Double bonds cause ______ in phospholipid tails. |
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Definition
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| Lipid Micelle Structure ? |
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Definition
| Hydrophilic heads each with a singular hydrophobic tail. |
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| Phospholipid bilayer structure? |
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Definition
| Hydrophyllic heads each with 2 hydrophillic tails that interract with another layer of heads/tails opposite them. |
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| Phospholipid bilayers are in constant ____ motion but rarely flip to the _________ |
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Definition
Lateral, other side of the bilayer
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| the rate of movement of elements in the membrane. |
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| Faster movement of the membrane results in ___ |
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Definition
| easier for molecules to pass, and more permeable |
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| Membranes are selectively permeable. Most to least permeable? 1 through 4. |
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Definition
| 1. small nonpolar molecules, 2. small uncharged polar molecules, 3. large uncharged polar molecules, 4. Ions. |
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| How does temperature affect permeability? |
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| Increased temperature=increased fluidity=increased permeability |
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| how does fatty acid tail length affect permeability? |
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Definition
| Increased tail length = less fluidity = less permeability |
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| How does fatty acid saturation affect permeability? |
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Definition
| higher fatty acid saturation = decreased fluidity = decreased permeability |
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| How does cholesterol affect membrane permeability? |
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Definition
| Increased cholesterol = less fluidity = less permeability |
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| Peripheral membrane proteins are _______ |
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Definition
| transiently attached to cell membrane, important for regulating and cell signaling |
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Integral Membrane proteins come in ________
and __________ |
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Definition
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| Monotopic and Polytopic are 2 types of integral membrane proteins. How are they different? |
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| Montopic means that they are small and dont pass through the membrane entirely. Polytopic are transmembrane and can cross 1+ times. |
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Definition
| N linked or O linked glycosylation |
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| define N and O linked glycosylation. |
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Definition
in N linked glycosylation, the glycan is added to nitrogen of argenine or asperagine. In eukaryotes and archaeans.
in O linked glycosylation, glycan is added to the oxygen of serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxylysine, hydroxypronine-mostly eukaryotes but all 3. |
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| passive diffusion is ______ |
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Definition
| net movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration. |
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| does passive diffusion require energy input? |
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Definition
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| facilitated diffusion is _____ |
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| when molecules that wouldnt normally diffuse across the membrane can move through a channel or carrier protein. still uses the energy from the concentration gradient, requires no input. |
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| Osmosis is defined as _____ |
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Definition
| diffusion as it pertains specifically to water. |
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| what are aquaporins used for? |
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| facilitated diffusion of water. |
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Definition
| Transport proteins that transport one molecule. |
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| they transport 2 proteins simultaneously. |
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| what are the 2 types of cotransporters ? |
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Definition
| symporters and antiporters. |
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| What are the differences between Symporters and Antiporters? |
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Definition
| Symporters transport 2 molecules in the same direction. Antiporters transport 2 molecules in opposite directions. |
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| How are antiporters powered? |
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Definition
| Like a revolving door. Antiporters use the energy generated by the flow of one molecule moving from high to low concentration to generate the energy to push the other one the other direction. |
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| What is active transport? |
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Definition
moving molecules against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration), which requires an energy input supplied by hydrolysis of atp.
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| How does atp release energy? |
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Definition
| atp has 3 phosphate groups. One of the groups is cut off by hydrolysis, and this severing of a bond to a phosphate group generates a large amount of chemical energy. the molecule then becomes adp. |
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| How does the sodium potassium pump work? |
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Definition
| 3 binding sites for Na pick up 3 Na ions. when a phosphate group from ATP binds to the pump, the pump will change shape, releasing the sodium ions into the cell. |
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| How can antiporters partially aid in active transport? |
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Definition
| Antiporters can sometimes use the power generated by moving something on its concentration gradient to move another molecule AGAINST its concentration gradient. |
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| Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell ____ |
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Definition
| No nucleus. Nucleoid, which contains dna and genetic material. Dna is mostly single ring shaped chromosomes.Small plasmids. |
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| What do golgi apparatus do? |
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protein synthesis and glycosylation
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| digestion and recycling of materials within the cell |
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| Oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, and others |
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| storage of oil, carbs, water, or toxins. |
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| Production of sugars + atp via photosynthesis |
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| structural support, movement of materials through membrane, movement of whole cell in some cases |
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| What do plasma membranes do? |
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| Selectively permeable medium that maintains intracellular environment. |
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| structural support + protection |
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| 3 steps of basic protein synthesis: |
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Definition
| mRNA copy is made, mRNA leaves nucleus, Ribosome translates mRNA into polypeptide |
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| Part of and continuous with cell membrane system. |
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| site of protein synthesis for proteins bound for membrane or export. called "rough" because studded with ribosomes. |
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| Flattened sacs in the golgi apparatus used for processing, sorting and tagging; site of glycosylation. |
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| 3 proteins in cytoskeleton, size, and other characteristics: |
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Definition
actin filaments are smallest, made of actin, and move/shape
intermediate filaments are second, 10nm diamater, stable subunits, and plays a role in organelle positioning
microtubules are largest at 25 nm , made of tubulin. form cilia and responsible for locomotion |
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Definition
| a motor protein found in eukaryotic cells. moves along microtubule fragments. powered by the hydrolysis of atp. they move toward the plus end of the microtubule, which is toward the outside of the cell. |
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Definition
| motor proteins which convert atp into mechanical energy of movement. they move toward the minus end, which is in the center of the cell. |
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| Example of what actin filaments are for |
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Definition
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| endosymbiosis theory is ___ |
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Definition
| one unit of unicellular life engulfed within another. |
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| how does endosymbiosis work? |
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Definition
| as long as the inner organism isnt fused with a lysosome within the cell, it can live inside the other cell without being digested. |
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| What are some signals of endosymbiosis? |
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Definition
| components that replicate separately of the host cell, 1+ membranes surrounding an organelle. |
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| what are the 2 criteria requirements for endosymbiosis |
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| genetic integration, even though the symbiote requires the host cell to reproduce, and a system of protein targetting. |
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| supposed origin of mitochondria? |
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| single event, mitochondria originated from the eubacteria domain. |
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| endosymbiotic origins of chloroplast evolution (3) |
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| 1. cyanobacteria engulfed by eukaryotic cell. 2. two eukaryotic cells fuse together, one that has chloroplast, other needs it. 3. 2 eukaryotic cells fuse. |
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Definition
| complimentary, anti-parallel double helix. |
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| which direction do polymerases work? |
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Definition
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| what are leading and lagging strands? |
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Definition
| Leading: continuously working Lagging: production in fragments |
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| dna synthesis requires ___and a ____ |
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Definition
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| Ends of chromosomes. telomerase prevents chromosome shortening by elongating it |
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| proteins that dna wraps around in nucleosome, among the most conserved proteins in eukaryotes. |
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Dna information storage-Transcription->mRNA information carrier-Translation-> Proteins as active cell machines
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| Copying DNA to mRNA done by RNA polymerase |
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Uses mRNA to synthesize proteins in ribosomes.
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| sequence of dna that encodes a protein |
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| single change to dna, from one event or occurence |
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| Extra chromosomes can cause mutations (i.e. downs) and are caused during mitosis and meiosis, not dna coding/sequencing |
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| flipping and rejoining chromosome in a different position |
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