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| when scientists collect data to test, change, or update their theories |
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| basic and applied research |
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| articles are peer-reviewed before publishing; rigorous and difficult to get published |
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| after publishing in a journal, the press can get ahold of it |
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| a statement or set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another |
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| a statement of the specific relationship between a study's variables that the researcher expects to observe if a theory is accurate |
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| anecdotal experience vs. research |
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| the tendency to rely only on what is present and ignore what is absent when evaluating the evidence for a conclusion |
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| the tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluating some conclusion |
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| confirmatory hypothesis testing |
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| an attribute that varies, having at least two levels, or values |
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| something that could potentially vary but that has only one level in the study in question |
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| a researcher's definition of a variable at an abstract level |
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| the specific way in which a concept of interest is measured or manipulated as a variable in a study |
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| a claim that describes a particular rate or level of a single variable |
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| a claim about two variables, in which the level of one variable is said to vary systematically with the level of another variable, such that when one variable changes, the other variable tends to change, too |
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| (r) a single number, ranging from -1.0 to 1.0 used to indicate the strength and direction of an association |
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| a claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the level of another variable |
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| a measure of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study |
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| a measure how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself |
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| a conclusion that a result is extreme enough that it is unlikely to have happened by change if the null hypothesis is true |
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| the ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two variables |
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| research participants' right to learn about a research project, know its risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate |
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| the withholding of some details of a study from participants (omission) or the act of actively lying to them (commission) |
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| to inform participants afterward about a study's true nature, details, and hypotheses |
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| fabrication & falsification |
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| people answer questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview |
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| a variable is measured by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behaviors |
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| a variable measured by recording biological data |
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| a quantitative measurement scale whose levels represent a ranked order, in which it is unclear whether the distances between levels are equivalent |
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| has no "true zero" and in which the numeral represent equal intervals (distances) between levels |
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| the numerals have equal intervals and the value of zero truly means "nothing" |
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| consistency in results every time a measure is used |
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| in a measuring instrument that contains several items, the consistency in a patten of answers, no matter how a question is phrased. |
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| or coefficient alpha; a correlation-based statistic that measures a scale's internal reliability. |
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| the extent to which a measure is subjectively considered a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question |
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| a measure of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study |
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| an empirically supported type of measurement validity that represents the extent to which a measure is related to a concrete, future outcome that it should be related to |
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| an experiment using a within-groups design in which participants are exposed to all the levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time, and a single attitudinal or behavioral preference is the dependent variable |
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| an empirically supported type of measurement validity that represents the extent to which a measure is associated with other measures of a theoretically similar construct |
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| or divergent validity; an empirically supported type of measurement validity that represents the extent to which a measure does not associate strongly with measures of other, theoretically different constructs. |
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| research whose goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge without regard for direct application to practical problems |
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| research whose goal is to find a solution to a specific real-world problem. |
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