• a lot of different components functioning in an interrelated fashion
• specialization
• standardization
• predictable
• falls apart because it doesn't take into account the variability of people

1. planning
2. organizing
3. command
4. coordination
5. control

• scalar chain (vertical hierarchy)
• unity of comman
• unity of direction
• span of control

• centralization
• authority and responsibility (determined by rank)
• discipline (clear, employees follow rules)

• financial motivation
• equity (more responsibility = more money)
• Tenure stability (it's bad for the organization if people are always worrying about their jobs)

1. first 3 are same as Fayol (division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, centralized power)
2. closed systems
3. codified rules (rules are very important)

• not on organization as a whole, but employee-manager relationship
• one best way to do every job
• proper selection and training of workers
• inherent difference between workers and managers

• peer pressure to keep rate busting at a minimuml; if productivity is low, wages will remain high
• alleviated by timea and motion studies

• everything is task-related
• no innovative or relational communication

• top down
• very formal
• mostly written

• focusing our senses

• something that we're attentive to
• degree of attention
• easy to discern

• visually or audibly stimulating
• goals are related to communication

• creating a chronological sequence of events
• differences are a common source of conflict

• frames of reference on how to deal with certain situations
• mental structures of expectations, based on previous experiences

• related to a person

for one's own behavior:

• bad: caused by external
• good: caused by internal

• "in the form of"
• overall positive or negative
• halo effect: positve gestalt = positive attribution
• horn effect: negative gestalt = negative attribution

• physiological
• safety
• affiliation
• esteem
• self-actualization

• authoritarian style
• average person dislikes work and will it avoid it; therefor, must be forced with the threat of punishment

• participative style
• effort for work is as natural as work and play
• people will apply self-help and self-control
• imagination and ingenuity to solve organizational problems widely 

• work to fulfill higher needs
• conten is task and relational
• direction is horizontal and vertical
• channel: emphasis on FtT
• style is more informal

• concerned about environmental factors
• interrelated subsystems
• focus on survival
• hierarchical order
• permeability
• input-through-output

• to what extent can other people/organizations affect the success of a system
• whether environmental factors help or hurt the system

• internal workings must be as diverse and complicated as the environment in which it is embedded.

• organizations can achieve things that only one individual can't
• a system is more than the sum of its parts

• concerned with the comparative study of autonomic control systems
• self-governing

• organizations exist in an environment
• the environment is not external to its members
• enactment (people are part of the environment)
• goals of organization include reducing equivocality

• unit of analysis (person, organization, etc.)
• connected (inclusiveness)
• centrality (density, how influential node is)