Term
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Definition
| tells us about association and contingency variables |
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Term
| What are the measure of dispersion? |
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Definition
| Standard deviation & variance |
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Term
| What are the measures of central tendency? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you describe categorical data? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compare subjects (a lot of them) at one point in time |
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Term
| Theory of economic voting |
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Definition
| people vote based on the current economic conditions. incumbent is more likely to get reelected if the economic conditions are really good |
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Term
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Definition
| degree of consistency within the results |
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Term
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Definition
| Independent variable that you assign to only one group |
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Term
| What are the two requirements of measurement? |
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Definition
1) Reliability
2) Validity |
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Term
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Definition
| Measuring something with a scale/levels/degrees, like support levels |
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Term
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Definition
Measuring something with categories
Ex: Marital status, religious
You are assigned a category |
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Term
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Definition
| compare subjects over time, how trends change |
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Term
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Definition
It is often referred to as "z"
Could make the relationship b/w X & Y spurious |
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Term
| What are the 4 hurdles to establish a causal relationship? |
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Definition
1) is there a valid causal mechanism?
2) Could Y cause X?
3) Is there covariation b/w X & Y?
4) Are there any confounding variable that could make the relationship spurious? |
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Term
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Definition
Feedback mechanism for the relationship between X&Y
Would mean that Y can cause X, instead of having X cause Y
when the effect (dependent variable) could cause the cause (independent variable) |
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Term
| Example of experiment for voter turn-out rate? |
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Definition
| Get out to vote experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| average difference b/w values of Y and the mean of Y |
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Term
| What are the drawbacks to experimental research designs? |
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Definition
1) Not every independent variable is controllable
2) Low degrees of validity bc samples of convenience
3) Ethical dilemmas
4) Mistake emphasis |
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Term
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Definition
| A tentative opinion about the causes of some phenomenon of interests |
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Term
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Definition
| the bigger the sample is, the closer to the middle the mean will get |
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Term
| What are the four types of measures? |
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Definition
1) nominal
2) ordinal
3) interval
4) index |
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Term
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Definition
theoretical claim that specifies the relationship b/w the independent variable & dependent variable
Usually: If, then statement |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship b/w cause and effect |
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Term
| What do you need when you conduct an experiment? |
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Definition
1) treatment group
2) control group
3) intervention
4) Random assignment |
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Term
| Experimental research design |
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Definition
| You have control over the intervention and the random assignment of people into groups |
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Term
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Definition
standard deviation/square root of N
population goes up, error goes down
population goes down, error goes up |
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Term
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Definition
| Making a conclusion about the population, based on the results from a sample |
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Term
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Definition
5 number summary
Minimum
Q1
Median
Q3
Maximum |
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Term
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Definition
| Has two different variables, one along the horizontal axis, and one along the vertical axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows the frequency of a variable in bars on a graph |
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Term
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Definition
Measures exact difference
Example: age & height |
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Term
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Definition
Aggregation of various components
Example: measuring democracy |
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Term
| What are the two types of descriptive stats? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the larger the sample is, the better |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflection of intended characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| shear spread around the mean |
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