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| the method of study is the observation of events in the social world through research |
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| the cultural expectations by which men and women have different experiences in society |
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| a relatively new field of study established to correct the inattention given to women in most academic fields |
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| belief that sociology is to understand the relationship between individuals and the society they live in |
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| part of the personal experience of an individual; privately felt |
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| events that orginate beyond ones immediate experience, but are still felt there; involve the structure of social institutions |
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| the organization of society that shapes social behavior and social attitudes |
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| includes a variety of political perspectives; no single feminist perspective; premise that men and women's position are a result of social factors, not natural or biological |
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| a field of study where scholars have reconsidered the lives of men; challenges existing sexist norms and has an activist stance |
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| takes knowledge from one experience and incorrectly extends it to another |
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| the particular configuration of race, class and gender relations in society establish an interlocking system of dominance |
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| social construction of gender |
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| refers to the many different processes by which the expectations associated with being a boy or a girl are passed through society |
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| one of the pairs of X and Y that determine the sex of the offspring |
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| a condition of prenatal origin in which embryonic or fetal differtiation of the reproductive system fails to reach completion as either a girl or boy |
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| someone of hermaphroditism--they have the chromosomal patterns similar to those of normal males or females but they're not finished forming as either sex |
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| what is the key factor in determining gender identity? |
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| the people who deviate from the binary system of gender (the binary system is either a male or a female-transgenders don't label themselves either) |
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| sexually dimorphic traits |
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| sex difference that appear between males and females; include physical as well as social and cultural differences |
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| an argument that reduces a complex event (social identity) or process to a single monolithic cause (the form of genitals) |
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| the set of definitions of reality held in common by people who share a distinctive way of life |
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| refers specfically to the social and cultural patterns that we associate with men and women in society |
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| refers to the biological identity and is meant to signify if one is male or female |
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| established patterns of behavior with a particular and recogonized purpose; includes participants who share expectations and have specific roles and duties |
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| the total pattern of gender relations; stereotypical expectations, interpersonal relationships, and men and women's different places in social, economic, and political heirarchies |
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| culturally prescribed expectations, duties and rights that defines the relationship between a person in a specific position and those he interacts with |
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| the expectations for behavior and attitudes that culture defines as appropriate for women and men |
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| an individuals specific definition of self based on that persons understanding of what it means to be a man or a woman |
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| a process by which social expectations on what is properly masculine or feminine is communicated to us |
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| different behaviors and attitudes that are encouraged and discouraged in men and women |
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| fear and hatred of homosexuals |
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| children learn gender-appropriate behaviors by identifying with their same-sex parent |
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| a theory that states as boys and girls develop their own identities, they become psychological detached from their parents |
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| emphasizes the significance of the environment in explaining gender socialization; a behavior orientation |
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| cognitive-development theory |
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| a theory by Piagat that says behavior is controlled by schemes that the individual uses to represent the world |
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| symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
| the theory that people act towards things based on the meaning those things have for them; that meaning evolves from culture |
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| a perspective that analyzes gender not as something essential to men and women nor fixed in biological status or social roles. It sees people as recreating gender meanings when they act in gender typical ways |
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| demonstrations of behavior that communicate gender identities |
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| the institutionalized behavior and beliefs that presume heterosexuality to be the only acceptable form of sexual expression and identity |
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| compulsory heterosexuality |
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| the institutionalized practices that presume women are innately sexually oriented towards men |
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| refers to the link between sexuality and power (marked by the domination and social control of white women, women, and men of color) |
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| an individuals' or group's ability to influence another person or group |
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| men as a group have more power than do women |
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| the idea that all sexual identities are socially constructed and that the "fixed" categories of sexuality can be changed |
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| (17th to 18th century) where the household was the basic unit of the economy |
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| (period of industrialization-- mid 18th century) the center of labor moved out of the household and into factory system |
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| (20th century to present) technological change increased productivity and the mass production of goods created households that specialized in consumption and reproduction |
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| concept that refers to the work people do in managing the emotions of others |
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| refers to the heirarchical distrubution of economic and social resources along the lines of gender (a form of social stratification) |
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| the term used to describe multi-dimensional process of change in the nations economy |
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| include those who are temporary employees, contract workers, and part-time workers (1/3 of US Labor force) |
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| refers to the pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force |
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| a workplace where an employer violates more than one law regarding safety and health, compensation, or industry regulation. |
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| explains wage differentials as a result of different characteristics of workers; assumes that wages differences reflect differences in human capital |
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Definition
| sees the labor market as organized around both a promary and secondary market. Primary market has better conditions, stability and pay than secondary market and explains gender inequality in wages |
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| a phrase meant to convey that even though most formal barriers to women advancement have been removed, there are invisible mechanisms that prevent women from advancing |
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| an index in the Social Security Administration. Based on the lowest cost for an adequate food plan. |
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| the trend in the poverty line bending towards more of the poor being women and children |
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| Personal Responsibility and Work Reconcilation Act (1996) |
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Definition
| "welfare reform":places a lifetime limit of 5 years of receiving welfare and require all receipients find work within 2 years (workfare) |
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| Temporary Assistance to Needy Families |
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Definition
| (TANF) states can impose stricter time limits and work requirements than federal law requires. |
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Definition
| the unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power |
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| refers to the work women do at home in addition to time spent in paid employment |
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| refers to all forms of labor (including unpaid work) that is need to nurture, reproduce, and sustain people; work for the maintance of social life |
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Definition
| first federal legislation requiring equal pay for equal work; forbids discrimination of sex |
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| Title VII of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 |
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Definition
| forbids discrimination on basis of race, color, national origin, religion or sex in any employment |
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| Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 |
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| forbids gender discrimination in any educational institution receiving federal funds (schools, colleges, universities); especially no discrimination in athletics |
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| the principle of paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving comparable levels of skill |
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| a policy referring to positive efforts taken to open new areas of opportunity to groups who had been excluded from such jobs |
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| refers to the social structural position groups hold relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society |
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| refers to practices that systematically disadvantage one or more groups |
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| when someone treats someone differently based on a characteristic of that person |
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| the ideology of domesticity that gave women a limited and gender-specific role to play-the person responsible for the home |
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| structural diversity model |
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Definition
| a model centered on several themes regarding how families form and operate. |
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Definition
| families in which married couples live together with their children |
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| a living unit containing one or more people |
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| the person who rents or owns the household |
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| where at least two members are related by blood, marriage, or adoption |
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| includes those living alone and households where people living together are not related to the householder |
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| cases where family members live in different countries and have a pattern of moving back and forth across national boundaries |
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| laws that barred marriage between whites and "mongolians" (laborers of Asian orientation)until 1967 |
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Definition
| forced sexual activity demanded of a wife by her husband |
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| The Family and Medical Leave Act |
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Definition
| (1993) requires employers to grant 12 weeks of leave to a parent to care for a newborn/adopted child or to care for a sick child, spouse, or parent |
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Term
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Definition
| (Of the Education Amendments of 1972) prohibits sex discrimination in a federally funded educational programs and activities |
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Definition
| refers to the outcomes that occur as the result of teachers and counselors expectations |
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Definition
| where students are seperated into groups based on their presumed abilities |
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| means that when students perceive that they risk being judged by a negative stereotype, they do not perform as well as they otherwise might |
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| how well one thinks of oneself |
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| refers to the gap that has opened between groups with strong computing skills and those without |
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| refers to the ways of knowing that form systems of social thought |
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| suggests that the specific social location of the knower shapes what is known and that not all perspectives are equally valid or complete |
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| the ability to influence others |
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| power that is perceived by others as legitimate and that is structured into specific social institutions |
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| a model where the state tries to balancethe different interest groups in society |
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| a model of the state where a powerful ruling class controls the actions of the state |
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| Civil Rights Bill of 1964 |
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Definition
| gives women equal civil rights to men |
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| refers to the differences in women's and men's political behavior and political attitudes |
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| groups that act to promote or resist changes in society |
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| advocacy in the abolition of slavery |
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| declares that the right to vote cannot be denied on basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (NOT WOMEN) |
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| organized by women with a strong feminist conscious |
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| guarentees women the right to vote |
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| amendment that states equality of rights under the law shall not be denied on the basis of sex |
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