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| how to imagine what the experience of something is for people with different ideals. Must break free of personal circumstances |
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| american sociologist created the sociological imagination |
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| social structure is not like a physical structure... it is constantly being reconstructed by the humans that compose it |
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| abstract interpretations that can be used to explain a variety of situations |
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| French, invented the word sociology. Believed he could produce a knowledge of society based on scientific evidence. |
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| French had a more lasting effect than Comte. Thought previous ideas were too speculative or vague. Believed in studying social facts. Saw society as a set of independent parts. |
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| actions of social life that shape our actions as individuals such as influence of religion. |
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| Durkheim's term for social cohesion. Essential for the continuation of a society. |
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| Society exerts constraint over the actions of its members. Society is more than the sum of individual acts. |
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| a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life. Durkheim's study revealed that social factors have a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior. |
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| German Contrast with the ideas of Comte and Durkheim however also sought to explain the societal changes during the industrial revolution. |
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| materialist conception of history |
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| Marx's founding point. It state s that it is not the ideas or values human beings hold that are the main sources of social change... but social change is prompted by economic influences. The conflicts between classes. |
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| system of production that involves the production of goods and services sold to a wide range of consumers. Marx believed capitalism was an important factor in social change. |
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| Germany. He rejected Marx's materialistic concemption and did not think class conflict was as significant. He thought that economic factors were important but that ideas and values had just as much effect on social change. |
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| English, argued that when one studies society they must focus on all aspects. Secondly analysis of a society must include an understanding of women's lives. Third she brought up ignored issues such as marriage, children, religion and race relations. She also argued that sociologists must not only observe but also act. |
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| African American. "Double Consciousness"- talking about identity through the lens of the particular experiences of African Americans. Argued that African americans are only permitted to see themselves through the eyes of society. |
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| George Herbert Mead- development of social thought. Great importance on the study of language. Key element is the symbol. as symbolic thought frees us from being limited by our experience. Example is sizing eachother up for clues on a first date. Criticism is that it concentrates too much on things that are small in scope. |
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| rivals symbolic interactionism because it deals with an overall view of structures and processes. Study the function of a social activity by analyzing the contribution it makes to society as a whole. Social equilibrium is grounded in the existence of a moral consensus among members of society |
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| those known to and intended by participants in a specific type of social activity |
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| Believers of functionalism |
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| believers of symbolic interactionism |
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| combination of sociologi al analysis and political reform. Generates a program of radical political change. lay more emphasis on conflict, divisions, and power. |
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| important concepts of marxism. power is the ability of individuals to make their own concerns count. Ideologies are the development of ideas |
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| link between sociological theory and political reform (like marxism). argue that women's lives and experiences are central to sociology. Focus on the intersection of gender race and class |
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| there are no longer any grand narratives or overall concemptions of history or society that make any sense. The world is constantly in flux. Jean Baudrillard believes that electronic media has destroyed our relationship to our past and has created a chaotic world. |
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| the study of everyday behavior in situations of face to face interaction |
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| analysis of large scale social systems like the political system or economic order |
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| Seven steps of the research process |
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1. Define the problem
2. Review the evidence
3. Formulate a hypothesis
4. Select a research design
5. Carry out the research
6. Interpret your results
7. report the research findings |
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| Ethnography, Surveys and experiments |
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| first hand studies of people using participant observation. Must explain and justify presence. Usually generates richer and more in depth information, broader understanding. limitations are only useful for small groups and findings may only apply to groups of those studied. |
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| strengths- make possible the efficient colection of data, and precise comparisons. Limitations- may be superficial if the questions are standardized. Important differences may be glossed over. Responses may be what people profess to believe |
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| strentghs- influence of specific variables that can be controlled by the investigator. easier to repeat again. Limitations- many aspects of life cannot be brought into the laboratory. those studied may be affected by the experimental situation. |
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| interviews with ppl that have experienced events |
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| the use of multiple research methods to produce a more reliable empirical data |
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| the values norms and material goods characteristic of a given group. |
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| ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper good and bad. |
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| fixed parrern of behavior that has genetic origins and appears in all normal animals within a given species. |
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| ethnic groups can exist separately and share equaly in economic and political life |
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| the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own country |
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| the practice of judging a society by its won standards (how we must study sociology) |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| argues that the language we use influences our perceptions of the world (sapir and whorf) because we are much more aware of things we have words for. |
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| any vehicle of meaning and communication such as sounds made in speech and marks made on paper, dress |
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| the analysis of verbal and nonverbal cultural meanings, the study of the ways in which linguistic and non linguistic phenomena can generate meaning |
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| relied on domesticated livestock |
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| hunting and gathering groups began to sow their own crops rather than just collect already grown ones |
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| a particular type of state characteristic of the modern world in which a government has sovereign power and the population know themselves to be part of a single nation |
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| a particular type of state characteristic of the modern world in which a government has sovereign power and the population know themselves to be part of a single nation |
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| the process whereby western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories |
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| less developed societies on which industrial production is either nonexistant or only developed to a limited degree. |
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