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rules and procedures that structure political competition
-manages potential conflict (between rivals), helps find solutions, enforces collective agreements
-hard to change, shape outcomes, not physical |
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goal oriented actors
main goal: re/election
-behave strategically to achieve goals (compromise/ bargaining) |
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situation when +2 cannot agree to cooperate
--> fear other will find best interests by making agreement |
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need group to cooperate and participate to succeed
problems agreeing--> need higher individual to coordinate; need to put aside individual interests
(prisoners dilemma and free rider) |
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| collectively produces, available for anyones consumption/ benefits |
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| individual receives benefits from collective activity (w/ no/participation) --> feel no need to participate |
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| forced to comply with collective policies you disagree with |
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time and effort required to reach/ enforce political and collective decision or negotiation
(increases w/ more participants) |
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1765 law on all printed materials (including consumer goods) --> most aggressive challenge to home rule
"no taxation w/out representation"--> 1st american tax revolt |
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| power given by state to colony can manage legislation (taxes and affairs) |
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1st-1774
Declaration of American Rights- home rule, boycotted British trade (until rescind tax/ regulations)--> War
2nd- after war outbreak
Declaration of Independence- (slaves= "free and independent states")
-Articles of Confederation- coordinate to fight Britain |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
1777-1789
federation of 13 original states--> gov in states
weak central government, 9/13 vote for major laws (equal voting), no executive branch/ legislative dominance |
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| J Madison introduced at convention- favored large states--> bicameral legislation- apportioned by population, veto over state laws, council of revisions (executive and judges) |
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@ constitutional convention
favored large states, wanted to give more power than under articles
insulate gov from popular passions (factions)
strengthen national gov vs. states
drafted Virginia Plan and Federalist 10, 51, founding father of constitution |
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| favored states rights--> one chamber, equal voting, power to tax and regulate commerce, vague about executive and judicial branches |
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House= by population, directly elected (people)
Senate= 2/ state, selected by state legislature (state)
Supremacy Clause (replaces veto over states) and Enumerated Powers (instead of broad grant) |
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result of legislative vote trading
(exchange. bargaining, trading votes) |
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Article VI of Constitution
declares national laws= 'Supreme law of the land'--> take precedence over state/ locality laws |
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Article I, Sec 8
explicit/ specific powers given to congress by constitution
(tax, spending, regulate commerce, national defense) |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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Definition
Article I, Sec 8
gave congress authority to make any law 'necessary and proper' and execute it |
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Article I, Section 8
gives congress authority to regulate commerce (w/ states and internationally) |
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| apportioned each states seats in House based on population --> slaves count as 3/5 citizen |
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distribution of government powers among several political institutions
(3 independent branches- legislative, executive, judicial) |
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| give each branch constitutional authority to oversee and manage, prevent one from gaining too much power |
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| Separated Institutions sharing powers |
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not pure separation (presidential veto, senate approval of Pres appointments, Judicial review of pres and congress action, divided congress)
--> obstacle course (to get things done) and status quo bias (hard to change existing policies) |
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body of electors in each state--> formally elect President and VP
# electors= # in congress
absolute majority of total electoral vote required to elect pres and vp |
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Article II, Sec 3
instructs President to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" |
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J Madison 1787
Control factions through extended republic--> prevent majority from dominating |
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J Madison 1788
give each branch means to motive and defend self (separation of powers= protection of peoples rights) |
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| Ambition- to- counter- ambition |
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Definition
| creates branches so they can defend and motive themselves, dependent of each other -->don't want one controlling all |
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| large and diverse--> less likely large faction will form and try to challenge majority |
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| group of citizens united, sharing common interests, adverse to majority/ public as a whole |
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removal of president/ VP/ civil officers of US who committed treason, bribery, other high crimes/ misdemeanors
House- simple majority
Senate- 2/3 vote |
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| 1st 10 amendments--> essential and important to protect people from government infringement |
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explicit endorsement of federalism:
"powers not delegated to US by Constitution, not prohibited by it to States, reserved to States, respectively or to People" |
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| authority of court to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional and. or invalid |
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Article II of Constitution
title given to President by Constitution, denotes authority as head of national military.
Check presidential powers- only congress can declare war |
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| Federalism v Unitary government |
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Definition
federalism- government divides power between national (central) government and state (regional) government
Unitary Government- single government unit holds all power to govern nation (french) |
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| Dual Federalism v. Shared Federalism |
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Dual- national (expressed and implied powers) and state (reserved powers) governments have mutually exclusive spheres of actions
Shared- national and state governments share in providing citizens with sets of goods or results |
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| Federal government forces states to adopt policies they oppose by using $ as leverage (states become dependent) |
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| general grants given by fed gov to states, allowing states to allocated funds specifically |
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| federal grants to states/ localities for specific purpose, require state to prove adhering to federal guidelines in spending $ |
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| imposed requirements on states without providing funding |
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1819- congress creates national bank, MD taxes bank to try to get rid of (took broad view of necessary and proper), states cant destroy implications of national gov-->
brought together supremacy and elastic clauses, moved to forefront of constitutional interpretation (necessary and proper clause) |
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elected by large voter base in Louisiana, was corrupt (bribery, patronage, suppressed minorities),
more about ends than means--> If elected would probably become dictator |
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| Framers' attitudes toward parties |
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Madison- type of faction (factions are against public interest), weed parties out of constitution
Washington- warned against, result in corruption and fighting; in farewell address warned of "Baneful effects of the spirit of party" |
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| incentives to build parties |
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Definition
1. organization to pass programs
2. succeed, need to build stable electoral alliances
3. need to mobilize voters to win elections |
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| alliance of current officeholders cooperating to shape public policies |
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dedicated to electing party's candidates
(help reach voters, solve free rider problem, get voters to identify with party- emotional attachment) |
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| party- in- the- electorate |
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composed of voters who identify with party and regularly vote for nominees
-presidency as single prize (incentive to join national electoral coalition) |
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| asserts plurality rule election systems, tends to favor 2 party system, discourages and marginalizes small or 3rd party |
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| First-past-the-post/ winner-take-all |
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Definition
win by even 1%= WINNER
easier for outsiders and extreme candidates to win |
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| Candidate-centered elections |
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| favors individual candidates rather than mobilization through partisanship (or party) |
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| voting for candidates of different parties for different offices |
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| divided control of government (divided government) |
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1 political party controls executive branch and other PP controls one/ both houses of legislature
(obscures responsibility of actions in government) |
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| party control of nominations |
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1912-1968
party leaders pick candidates in primary elections (direct primaries) |
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| Issue activist v patronage activists |
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issue- passionate about particular public policy or issue, want to make a difference
patronage- act because they were awarded grant, job, license or special favor |
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| Secret/ Australian Ballot |
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ballot prepared and distributed by gov officials; places ALL names of candidates on single list, filled in private
US adopted in 1888- replaced oral voting and party-supplied ballots |
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1982 on
delegate to Democratic National Convention, eligible because elected party official (no caucuses or primary), reserve specific slots for governors, senators+ representatives, "distinguished party leaders", and committee members/ appointees |
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| "Mixed System" of presidential nominations |
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Definition
1968 on
presidential nominations not purely from primaries: from Caucuses, primaries and superdelegates |
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| 1968 Democratic Convention |
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Definition
| most leaders favor war, democrats becoming anti-war--> H Humphreys nomination/ loss--> McGovern-Fraser Reforms |
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birth modern system- require state to select delegate through open process, left to big increase in primaries
democrats- proportional representation- harder to get into position
republicans- winner-take-all |
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| candidates compete to be insider choice (based on endorsements/$) --> shows who the party wants (democrats only) |
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| Core Values: 1. liberalism 2. equality (equal opportunity/ political) 3. popular sovereignty (authority ultimately w people) 5. minority rights |
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limited government, individual rights (limits what government can do and where it can go)
advocate policies benefiting the poor, minorities, labor unions, women, environment; oppose government imposition of traditional social norms |
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Tocqueville- "born equal" (immigrants didnt bring class division), lack of rigid hierarchies (unlike europe), lack of revolutionary tradition and lack of "conservative" tradition
(no fixed legal, hereditary qualities) |
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| American Party / Know Nothings |
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anti-immigrant party
-response to Irish Catholics arrival--> propose sharp limitations on immigrations (only natives can hold office, only protestant can teach in schools)
- win election in 1854-55 |
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process by which immigrants become American
(influence of US on culture of other countries) |
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| Senate "balance" (Free v slave states) |
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Definition
up to 1819 Slave South= Free north
equal voting--> 12 states= 24 senator each
anti-slavery legislation can be blocked
(constitutional ban against slave trade expired 1808) |
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1819- enter missouri- slave state
Missouri and Maine (free) enter --> maintain balance
-slavery cant expand North of MI's Southern border |
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1846= any new territory US acquired will be free.
(based on economic interests of whites)
passed in house 2X, failed in senate -->North realizes need to contain slavery |
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1849- enter CA (free)
Let CA enter if Fugitive Slave Law passed (N has to return escaped slaves to owners)
-popular sovereignty= each territory can apply as free or slave state (as they choose) |
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1848- not abolitionist
presidential candidate- Martin van Buren
opposition to extension of slavery in behalf of "free labor"
Lincoln's slogan- "free soil, free labor, free men" |
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| political movement in 18th and 19th century, seeking to end slavery and make it illegal |
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1868= national citizenship
due process and equal protection
(all persons born or naturalized in US are citizens of US and state they reside) |
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1870- voting rights
(prohibits gov in US to prevent a citizen from voting based on race, color, or previous servitude) |
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1877-1933
laws and regulations after Reconstruction by Southern states --> disenfranchised African Ams,
institutionalized segregation;
White primary, literacy test, grandfather clauses, poll tax |
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1857
Scott= slave, followed owner to north, sued for personal freedom after owner died.
Supreme court ruled gov regulation of slavery is unconstitutional (overturns Missouri Compromise and inflames northern opinion)
-protected slavery as property rights |
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permitted political parties to exclude African Americans from voting in primary elections
(disenfranchisement of black voters in Southern States) |
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1875
Armed white mob in Colfax, Louisiana attacks/ kills +100 African Ams during gubernational election
-3 white leaders convicted under federal Enforcement Act of 1870- crime to interfere w/ any citizens constitutional rights (to vote)
-supreme court overturns convictions (indictments fail to allege denial of federal rights)--> Due Process and Equal protections of 14th amendment protect citizens from state actions not from other citizens actions
- cant prove defendants actions were race based, therefore cannot federally act |
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1896
Plessy= 7/8 white, law says he is black, convicted for sitting in "white only" RR car in Louisiana
-Supreme court upheld conviction
- declared segregation laws constitutional--> "separate but equal" doctrine, said 14 amend- protects political, not social equality |
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| Brown v Board of Education |
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Definition
1954
Brown sued for the enrollment of daughter, Linda, into white public school in Topeka, Kansas
-Supreme Court declared segregation laws unconstitutional--> separate is inherently unequal
(overturns Plessy) |
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1964
Birmingham Demostratons- 1963 --> Lyndon Johnson pushes bill
- Authorized Department of Health, Education and Welfare to withhold federal grants from school districts that fail to integrate (ends segregations) |
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1965
AA voter registration low because of Jim Crow Laws
-prohibited states from imposing prerequisite and qualification to vote
- Justice Department could/ did send federal officers to register voters directly in recalcitrant districts
(AA registration/ turnout soared--> increased AA elected officials) |
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Southern Democrat (succeeded JFK when assassinated)
-political strongman, skilled in 'influencing peddling' and persuading
--> started affirmative action
fought for civil rights (most important issue at the time) |
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Definition
framers rejected, PE= an executive comprised of committee or cabinet --> emphasized action over deliberation (ex. Rev war- need to be quick)
- Single executive- focal point for coordinating collective action
(caused problems, high transaction costs, hard to decide quickly, no responsibility) |
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19th C. Presidents (spent time:
- federal appointments + patronage, cabinet government, strong party, war time leadership |
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20th C. presidents
-take care clause,
huge expansion in fed programs and agencies (too much work for one person)
increased importance in budgeting-> more $/power
(bigger role in leading public opinion) |
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Definition
lack of legislative power- only reactive
popular mandate
importance of professional reputation (Neustadt)
- skill, toughness (deliver commitments) - need to get what you want done |
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| Leadership as "bargaining" |
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Definition
logrolling, president as party leader, breakdown in bargaining led to rise in 'going public', executive orders (hard to overturn)
-+2 parties disagree, negotiate to find acceptable collective action |
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engage in intensive PR to lead public opinion on issue
- mounts pressure on legislators
- makes compromise/ bargaining hard ( can only do one or the other)
opponents can go pubic also |
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Definition
use to manage what president does-->has force of law unless: rescinded by pres, congress passes law nullifying, or fed/ supreme court strikes unconstitutional or against federal law
variety of uses- establish executive agencies, tell existing ones what to do, change administrative rules, etc. |
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Term
| Office of Management and Budget |
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Definition
creates annual federal budget, central clearance (when agency wants to propose legislation OMB must pass), Whistle Blower Act (1989)
- monitors agencies performance among other duties |
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| executive office of the president |
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Definition
1939- president as an institution
unitary executive- all executive agencies fall under presidents care |
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