Term
|
Definition
| Na, K, Cl, CO2, BUN, SCr, Glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| SMA 7 + albumin, total protein, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium |
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Term
|
Definition
| bilirubin, aspartate amino-transferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase, total protein |
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Term
|
Definition
135-145 mEqL
135-145 mmol/L |
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|
Term
| Indicators of excess total body Na |
|
Definition
| heart failure, pulmonary edema, peripheral edema |
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Term
|
Definition
serum Na > 150 mmol/L
Due to diabetes insipidus |
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|
Term
| Indicators of low total body sodium |
|
Definition
hypotension, postural dizziness
NOTE: Can still have normal serum sodium concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
Low serum sodium concentration with normal/low total body sodium
-due to excess water intake |
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Term
|
Definition
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
3.5-5.0 mmol/L |
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|
Term
| Serum K levels w/ diarrhea |
|
Definition
| lose K, alkalosis (K moves into the cells) |
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|
Term
| Serum K levels w/ diuretics |
|
Definition
| may lose K and cause alkalosis via chloride loss/HCO3 retention |
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|
Term
| Serum K levels w/ ACEi's and ARBs |
|
Definition
| potassium retention due to decreased aldosterone production |
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|
Term
| Hypokalemia and digoxin action |
|
Definition
| digoxin action is increased |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
95-105 mEq/L
95-105 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
| Vomiting/NG suction and Cl levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea/overdiuresis and Cl levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCO3 and dissolved CO2 in blood |
|
|
Term
| chronic respiratory disease and CO2 levels |
|
Definition
C02 retention
respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Term
| hyperventilation and CO2 levels |
|
Definition
CO2 loss
respiratory alkalosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| <15 mEq/L (diabetic ketoacidosis) |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic alkalosis value |
|
Definition
>30 mEq/L
HCl or KCl loss results in renal retention of HCO3 to maintain electroneutrality |
|
|
Term
| Fasting blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
20-110 (or 130) mg/dL
3.9-6.1 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes diagnosis w/ fasting plasma glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes diagnosis w/ random plasma glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes diagnosis w/ 2 hour post-prandial glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Measure A1C levels how often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peak post-prandial glucose test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8-18 mg/dL
2.8-6.4 mmol/L
(20 mg/dL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0.6-1.2 mg/dL
50-110 mmol/L
(1.0 mmol/L) |
|
|
Term
| Pre-renal azotemia and blood flow |
|
Definition
Renal blood flow decreased due to volume depletion or CHF
May lead to renal ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Post-renal azotemia and BUN/SCr levels |
|
Definition
BUN up to 100 mg/dL
SCr normal or slightly elevated (1-2 mg/dL) |
|
|
Term
| Acute/Chronic renal injury and BUN/SCr levels |
|
Definition
| BUN/SCr levels increase at 15-20:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
75-125 mL/minute
1.2502.08 mL/sec |
|
|
Term
| Factors increasing renal preload (2) |
|
Definition
| prostaglandin E, prostacyclin (dilate afferent arteriole) |
|
|
Term
| Factors decreasing renal preload (1) |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS (constrict afferent arteriole) |
|
|
Term
| Factors increasing renal afterload (1) |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin II (constrict efferent arteriole) |
|
|
Term
| Factors decreasing renal afterload (2) |
|
Definition
ACE Inhibitors
Receptor antagonists
(dilate efferent arteriole) |
|
|
Term
| Alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) |
|
Definition
| <35 units/L; concern if >100 units/L; mild elevation in obesity |
|
|
Term
| Aspartate aminotransferase levels (AST) |
|
Definition
<35 units/L; concern if > 100 units/L
Found in cardiac/skeletal mm, kidney, brain, lung, intestines, erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Alkaline phosphatase levels |
|
Definition
| 30-100 units/L; concern if 3-4x normal; indicates cholestasis |
|
|
Term
| New tests for cholestasis |
|
Definition
| 5' nucleotidase; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (may be increased in alcoholic liver disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insoluble (indirect bilirubin) |
|
Definition
| bound to albumin for transport to liver |
|
|
Term
| Soluble (direct bilirubin) |
|
Definition
| conjugated w/ glucuronic acid |
|
|
Term
| Lab values in Hepatic cellular inflammation/damage |
|
Definition
| Increased ALT/AST; increased bilirubin; normal ALP |
|
|
Term
| Lab values in cholestasis |
|
Definition
| Increased ALP and direct bilirubin; normal ALT |
|
|
Term
| Lab values in advanced hepatitis/cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| All lab values may be elevated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased indirect bilirubin; all others normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilirubin >2-4 mg/dL
Neurotoxic if indirect >20 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| Effects of impaired protein synthesis in chronic severe hepatitis/cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| Low total protein, low albumin and drug binding, low albumin and ascites, low clotting proteins (increased pro-time, INR) |
|
|
Term
| Effects of elevated serum ammonia with cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| Inability to convert ammonia to BUN; hepatic encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8.8-10.2 mg/dL
2.2-2.5 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
| Bound calcium levels (45-55% unbound) |
|
Definition
4.5-5.6 mg/dL
1.13-1.4 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
| Causes of low calcium levels |
|
Definition
dietary deficiency, low vitamin D, hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal disease
NOTE: correct low Mg before correcting Ca |
|
|
Term
| Causes of high calcium levels |
|
Definition
| excess Ca or vitamin D ingestion, metastatic bone disease, hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Correct Ca levels for low albumin (results in falsely low serum calcium) |
|
Definition
| total serum calcium decreases by 0.8 mg/dL for each 1.0 mg/dL decrease in albumin |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum albumin levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red blood cell (erythrocyte) count for males and females |
|
Definition
Total red blood cell count (TRBC)
Males: 4.3-5.9x10^6/mm^3 OR 4.3-5.9 x 10^12/L
Females: 3.5-5.0x10^6/mm^3 or 3.5-5.0x10/12/L |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration for males and females |
|
Definition
Males: 14-18 g/dL (140-180 g/L)
Females: 12-16 g/dL (120-160 g/L) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O2 carrying pigment of RBC; reflects TRBC |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packed cell volume; percentage of RBCs settling to bottom of tube when centrifuging the whole blood sample |
|
|
Term
| Hematocrit values for males and females |
|
Definition
Males: 39-49%
Females: 33-43% (due to menstruation) |
|
|
Term
| Polycythemia value and meaning |
|
Definition
| >50% (overproduction and hemoconcentration); due to volume depletion not due to blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoproliferative disorders (4) |
|
Definition
| Marrow failure, impaired EPO production, iron deficiency anemia, inflammatory anemia |
|
|
Term
| Another term for acute anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for chronic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal cells formed/destroyed in the marrow, folate and B12 deficiency causes DNA defects, impaired globin synthesis and porphyria |
|
|
Term
| Two terms for anemia due to folate (more common) and B12 (rarer) deficiency |
|
Definition
| megaloblastic, macrocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of circulating RBCs (sickle cell, G6PD deficiency, drugs > release of bilirubin and K |
|
|
Term
| Two additional tests for anemias |
|
Definition
| Mean cell volume (MCV) and Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mean cell volume: Hct/RBC (reflects change in cell size) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hgb/Hct
Low hemoglobin concentration = pale |
|
|
Term
| Normal blood "retic" count |
|
Definition
| 0.5-1.5% of total RBCs (99% are mature RBCs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3,200 to 9,800 cells/mm^3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytic leukemia values |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marker for allergic disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other names for neutrophils |
|
Definition
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes, "PMNS", polys, granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| First defense for a bacterial/fungal infection |
|
Definition
| Total WBC 10,000 to 20,000 or higher |
|
|
Term
| Signs of bacterial/fungal infection |
|
Definition
Total WBC 10,000 to 20,000
Release of band cells (immature polys) into circulation (left shift) |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for increased neutrophils |
|
Definition
| bacterial/fungal infection, inflammatory disease, stress, cornicosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated poly count w/O left shift |
|
|
Term
| Lab values for neutropenia |
|
Definition
| Neutrophil count < 2000 cells |
|
|
Term
| Definition for agranulocytosis |
|
Definition
| Severe neutropenia (granulocytes in the blood) |
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