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Definition
prescientific: battle surgeons, Greeks
Middle Ages:
realism: real universal constant (God)
individualism: only individual perceptions
conceptualism: combo of above 2
Middle East:
Avicenna: faith = reason
Aberroes: passive intellect & active intellect
Descartes: soul & body seperate
Locke: knowledge from xp |
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Structuralism: Wandt & Titchner - introspection, how thought structured
Functionalism: William James - what function of thought?
Behavioralism: Watson & Skinner
Humanistic: Maslow & Rogers - empathy/need for love |
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| Various subfields of psychology, perspectives & careers |
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perspectives:
neuroscience, evolutionary, behavoir genetics |
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| Types of research; reliability and validity and threats to them; |
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| Measures of central tendency; |
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| in hindsight, we tend to think something would be easy to think of or that we always thought that way |
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| think of views that confirm our views as true |
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| Neurons – their structure (how they are constructed/where they are) and function (what they do); |
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| http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/gifs/Neuron.GIF |
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| axons and dendrites, myelin sheath, etc. |
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| axons send, dendrites receive, myelin makes faster |
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| Glial cells – structure and function |
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| The nervous system and its components |
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Acetylcholine - Alzheimer's
dopamine - movement learning, attention, emotion. excess = schizophrenia. less parkinson's
serotonin - mood, hunger, arousal. undersupply ~= depression.
norepinephrine - help alertness & arousal. undersupply can depress.
GABA - major inhibitory. undersupply ~= seizures, tremors, insomnia
glutamate - major excitatory. oversupply ~= migraines & seizures |
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| How drugs and chemicals affect neurotransmission |
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| Nervous system damage (Alzheimer’s Disease, hemiplegia, paresis, etc.) |
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| stimuli doesn't always have to reach the brain; your hand will automatically retract from heat before brain registers brain. |
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| this is the stuff that creates neurotransmitters? |
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| Ways of measuring brain activity |
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| EEG(amplifying electric), MRI(magnetic), PET(track fuel or chemicals or something) |
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Structure and function of:
Older brain structures (brain stem and all the components we discussed) |
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| The limbic system and components - structure and function |
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Definition
'middle brain' includes
hippocampus ??
amygdala - linked to emotion
hypothalamus - helps endocrine, eating, drinking, emotion, reward. |
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Term
| The neocortex and its components |
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Definition
cerebal cortex, lobes
frontal lobes
parietal lobes (top & rear)
occipital (back)
temporal (just above ear) |
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| Lobes of the brain and their structure and function |
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Definition
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| (There will be a picture of the brain on the bonus section of the test. You are expected to know where the major parts are located if you want to get the bonus points. Use the pictures in your book to practice). |
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| Nature vs. nurture; twin studies and adoption studies |
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| Evolutionary psychology: natural selection and mate selection; gender differences in sexuality; reproductive value; Singh study (waist-to-hip ratio); |
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| Jean Piaget and Stages of Cognitive Development |
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sensorimotor
preoperational - increase playing, pretending. egocentric
concrete operational - think logically about not abstract.
formal operational- deductive reasoning, abstract logic |
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| that everyone has a mind that operates somewhat similarly to your own; enables empathy & stuff. |
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| 1 in 800 infants from heavy drinking mothers, small, misproportioned head & lifelong brain abnormalities |
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| Lev Vygotsky and Zone of Proximal Development |
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| difference b/w what learner can do w/ help & w/0 help. child follows example & learns to more things without help? |
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| Harlow’s Monkeys and research on attachment |
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| attachment based on touch. |
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| Bowlby and Ainsworth research on attachment |
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what causes babies to attach to people.
separation anxiety? |
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| Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages of Development |
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| Kohlberg and Moral Development |
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Definition
1. punishment, authority
2. individual interest
3. (usually teens) value relationships and expectations from family community
4 up good for society & what society agrees on & principles & such |
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| Health, learning and intelligence in older age; |
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| John Gottman’s marriage research; |
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| couples that don't belittle others/act mean last longer. fight fair. don't pursue distancer/vice versa. |
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| Death and dying; grieving; |
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| Sensation and perception and types of processing |
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| Just noticeable differences |
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| how we distinguish between stimulus and noise. |
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the ratio between just noticable and background noise is constant for each sense.
ex: lifting 2kg weight, jnd is .2; for 5kg it's .5. the constant K is .1 |
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| notice things that are different faster |
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| ability to focus on one voice at a party; our brain takes in 11 million senses, only processes ~40. |
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| How we see – rods, cones, fovea, retina; how light enters the eyes; nearsightedness, farsightedness |
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Definition
| cones detect color. (3 cones in each cluster). |
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| can't detect between red & green usually. |
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| Young and von Helmholtz and color vision |
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| Sound waves; frequency; amplitude; |
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| Structure and function of the ear (how we hear; cochlea; middle ear and inner ear and their components); |
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| Conduction loss; semineural hearing loss; |
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conduction: outer & middle ear, ex: ear drum punctured. fixed by mechanical hearing aid.
sensorineural: inner ear, ex: hair receptors lost |
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| Gate-control theory and pain; Jon Kabat-Zinn’s work; |
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| small channel of nerves used for pain; only so much can get through at a time. |
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| Depth perception; visual cliff studies; |
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| even babies can detect cliffs??? |
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| how we tell w/ two eyes. traingulation! |
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| how we tell distance w/ one eye. ex: movement of head gives hints |
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| we think objects/stimuli stay the same. for ex, switch color jacket of person talking to after distraction & not notice. or an object moving towards you is perceived as same size even though it appears larger. |
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| Shape and size constancy; |
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| cats growing up w/0 vertical lines found difficult to detect them; walk into them etc... |
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| fit new ideas into existing schema. |
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| Human factors psychology; |
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| 90 minute alertness? 90 minute sleep cycle. stages. |
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| Sleep stages; alpha waves, beta waves, delta waves; |
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| delta = stage 3 & 4. stage 1 & 2 light. after 3 & 4 REM |
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| The effects of sleep deprivation; |
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Definition
| lots of bad shit! lead to obesity, not as happy, not as creative. |
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Definition
sleep apnea - tongue blocks mouth passage. makes wake up a little & lose deeper sleep.
narcolepsy
insomnia |
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lots of theories:
to make sense of static |
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