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Midterm 101
Psych 101 at Drexel University
83
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/12/2012

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Term
History and systems
Definition
prescientific: battle surgeons, Greeks
Middle Ages:
realism: real universal constant (God)
individualism: only individual perceptions
conceptualism: combo of above 2
Middle East:
Avicenna: faith = reason
Aberroes: passive intellect & active intellect
Descartes: soul & body seperate
Locke: knowledge from xp
Term
Important figures
Definition
Structuralism: Wandt & Titchner - introspection, how thought structured
Functionalism: William James - what function of thought?
Behavioralism: Watson & Skinner
Humanistic: Maslow & Rogers - empathy/need for love
Term
Various subfields of psychology, perspectives & careers
Definition
perspectives:
neuroscience, evolutionary, behavoir genetics
Term
Types of research; reliability and validity and threats to them;
Definition
Term
Measures of central tendency;
Definition
mode, median, mean
Term
Measures of variation;
Definition
standard deviations
Term
Statistical significance
Definition
standard deviations?
Term
Hindsight bias;
Definition
in hindsight, we tend to think something would be easy to think of or that we always thought that way
Term
Confirmation bias;
Definition
think of views that confirm our views as true
Term
Neurons – their structure (how they are constructed/where they are) and function (what they do);
Definition
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/gifs/Neuron.GIF
Term
axons and dendrites, myelin sheath, etc.
Definition
axons send, dendrites receive, myelin makes faster
Term
Glial cells – structure and function
Definition
support cells for brain
Term
Neurortransmission
Definition
Term
The nervous system and its components
Definition
CNS
Periphereal
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Acetylcholine - Alzheimer's
dopamine - movement learning, attention, emotion. excess = schizophrenia. less parkinson's
serotonin - mood, hunger, arousal. undersupply ~= depression.
norepinephrine - help alertness & arousal. undersupply can depress.
GABA - major inhibitory. undersupply ~= seizures, tremors, insomnia
glutamate - major excitatory. oversupply ~= migraines & seizures
Term
How drugs and chemicals affect neurotransmission
Definition
Term
Nervous system damage (Alzheimer’s Disease, hemiplegia, paresis, etc.)
Definition
Term
Reflexes
Definition
stimuli doesn't always have to reach the brain; your hand will automatically retract from heat before brain registers brain.
Term
Fight-or-flight response
Definition
Term
Endocrine system
Definition
this is the stuff that creates neurotransmitters?
Term
Ways of measuring brain activity
Definition
EEG(amplifying electric), MRI(magnetic), PET(track fuel or chemicals or something)
Term
Structure and function of:
Older brain structures (brain stem and all the components we discussed)
Definition
Term
The limbic system and components - structure and function
Definition
'middle brain' includes
hippocampus ??
amygdala - linked to emotion
hypothalamus - helps endocrine, eating, drinking, emotion, reward.
Term
The neocortex and its components
Definition
cerebal cortex, lobes
frontal lobes
parietal lobes (top & rear)
occipital (back)
temporal (just above ear)
Term
Lobes of the brain and their structure and function
Definition
Term
(There will be a picture of the brain on the bonus section of the test. You are expected to know where the major parts are located if you want to get the bonus points. Use the pictures in your book to practice).
Definition
Term
Nature vs. nurture; twin studies and adoption studies
Definition
Term
Heritability
Definition
what's inhereted.
Term
Evolutionary psychology: natural selection and mate selection; gender differences in sexuality; reproductive value; Singh study (waist-to-hip ratio);
Definition
Term
Infantile development
Definition
Term
Jean Piaget and Stages of Cognitive Development
Definition
sensorimotor
preoperational - increase playing, pretending. egocentric
concrete operational - think logically about not abstract.
formal operational- deductive reasoning, abstract logic
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
that everyone has a mind that operates somewhat similarly to your own; enables empathy & stuff.
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
1 in 800 infants from heavy drinking mothers, small, misproportioned head & lifelong brain abnormalities
Term
Lev Vygotsky and Zone of Proximal Development
Definition
difference b/w what learner can do w/ help & w/0 help. child follows example & learns to more things without help?
Term
Harlow’s Monkeys and research on attachment
Definition
attachment based on touch.
Term
Bowlby and Ainsworth research on attachment
Definition
what causes babies to attach to people.
separation anxiety?
Term
Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages of Development
Definition
Term
Kohlberg and Moral Development
Definition
1. punishment, authority
2. individual interest
3. (usually teens) value relationships and expectations from family community
4 up good for society & what society agrees on & principles & such
Term
Emerging adulthood
Definition
Term
Health, learning and intelligence in older age;
Definition
Term
John Gottman’s marriage research;
Definition
couples that don't belittle others/act mean last longer. fight fair. don't pursue distancer/vice versa.
Term
Death and dying; grieving;
Definition
Term
Sensation and perception and types of processing
Definition
Term
Just noticeable differences
Definition
Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
min/max we can detect.
Term
Subliminal stimulation
Definition
Term
Signal detection theory
Definition
how we distinguish between stimulus and noise.
Term
Weber’s Law
Definition
the ratio between just noticable and background noise is constant for each sense.
ex: lifting 2kg weight, jnd is .2; for 5kg it's .5. the constant K is .1
Term
Selective attention
Definition
Term
Pop-out phenomenon
Definition
notice things that are different faster
Term
Cocktail party effect
Definition
ability to focus on one voice at a party; our brain takes in 11 million senses, only processes ~40.
Term
How we see – rods, cones, fovea, retina; how light enters the eyes; nearsightedness, farsightedness
Definition
cones detect color. (3 cones in each cluster).
Term
Color blindness
Definition
can't detect between red & green usually.
Term
Color constancy
Definition
Term
Young and von Helmholtz and color vision
Definition
Term
The Stroop Test
Definition
them colors & words
Term
Sound waves; frequency; amplitude;
Definition
Term
Structure and function of the ear (how we hear; cochlea; middle ear and inner ear and their components);
Definition
Term
Conduction loss; semineural hearing loss;
Definition
conduction: outer & middle ear, ex: ear drum punctured. fixed by mechanical hearing aid.
sensorineural: inner ear, ex: hair receptors lost
Term
Gate-control theory and pain; Jon Kabat-Zinn’s work;
Definition
small channel of nerves used for pain; only so much can get through at a time.
Term
Sensory interaction;
Definition
Term
Perceptual organization;
Definition
Term
Form perception;
Definition
Term
Grouping; (eyes)
Definition
Term
Depth perception; visual cliff studies;
Definition
even babies can detect cliffs???
Term
Binocular cues;
Definition
how we tell w/ two eyes. traingulation!
Term
Monocular cues;
Definition
how we tell distance w/ one eye. ex: movement of head gives hints
Term
Perceptual constancy;
Definition
we think objects/stimuli stay the same. for ex, switch color jacket of person talking to after distraction & not notice. or an object moving towards you is perceived as same size even though it appears larger.
Term
Shape and size constancy;
Definition
Term
Lightness constancy;
Definition
Term
Sensory deprivation;
Definition
cats growing up w/0 vertical lines found difficult to detect them; walk into them etc...
Term
Perceptual set;
Definition
Term
Schemas and perception;
Definition
fit new ideas into existing schema.
Term
Context effects;
Definition
Term
Human factors psychology;
Definition
Term
Consciousness;
Definition
Term
Biological rhythms;
Definition
Term
Circadian rhythm;
Definition
90 minute alertness? 90 minute sleep cycle. stages.
Term
Sleep stages; alpha waves, beta waves, delta waves;
Definition
delta = stage 3 & 4. stage 1 & 2 light. after 3 & 4 REM
Term
The effects of sleep deprivation;
Definition
lots of bad shit! lead to obesity, not as happy, not as creative.
Term
Sleep disorders;
Definition
sleep apnea - tongue blocks mouth passage. makes wake up a little & lose deeper sleep.
narcolepsy
insomnia
Term
Dreams and why we dream;
Definition
lots of theories:

to make sense of static
Term
Dream theories;
Definition
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