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Muhammad's first Revelation
continued until 632 CE |
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| Abu Talib and Khdija died |
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Hijra to Yathrib (Medina)
Mohammad's exile from Mecca, travel to Medina |
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| First Islamic state and community |
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Trench besigement of Mecca by Muhammad.
630 Mecca surrendered to Muhammad |
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Basis of Islamic society, arranged by deminishing length
Believed to be God's words and final intervention
God is one, merciful, and a stern judge
Divided into 114 Suras or chapters
Can only be read in Arabic
Believed that it fixes the Covenant with the Jews, and Christ as just a prophet, not the Son of God |
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1st Rashidun (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali- Ruled from Medina knew Muhammad)
2nd Umayyad (ruled from Damascus)
3rd Abbasids (ruled from Baghdad) |
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| Considered the greatest caliph because they knew Muhammad personally. |
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| killed by discontent Muslims because he gave out political favors to his family |
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| Challeneged by Mu'awiyya because Ali did not bring justice to Uthman's murderers. |
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| First Islamic Sect. Were at first followers of Ali until he negotiated unsuccessfully with Mu'awiyya. Believed Ali gave up his right to rule by negotiating with his enemy Murdered Ali in 661 |
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| started the Umayyad caliph, challeneged Ali |
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Islam is exclusively for Arabs. Both non Arabs and non Muslims had to pay taxes. Many tribes were hostile to the Damascus rulers. led to the Abbasid revolution 749-750
Society was based on Byzantium society. |
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| Inclusive of non Arab Muslims, society was cosmopolitan, based on Persian imperial tradition. Preserved Greek knowledge. Fell to the Turkic Mongols from the east in 1258 |
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| created House of Wisdom. collected Christian scholars to translate Greek knowledge to Arabic. Wanted to learn what made the Romans and Greeks powerful, and learn logic to strengthen Islamic theology, which was questioned by Christian scholars |
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| Successor to the Prophet Muhammad, idea of caliphate ended in 1924 with the fall of the Ottoman Empire |
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| Terrorists from China, would destroy cities and move on. conquered Abbasids in 1258 |
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Guidance/God's way for Human kind. Part of the legal system for Muslims to live. Belief in one God, prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage. Social obligations. Eventually replaced by European code of law
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1. Quaran 90% is prophetic storices, while 10% is law
2. Sunna- customs of Muhammad
3. instrument of analogy, analyze the Quran and Sunna then decide
4. Consensus of the Islamic society |
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reports of Muhammad's customs (sunna) in the forms of his words, and actions
texts- the actual reports of his actions or words
Chain of authority linked texts to the Prophet, A way to trace the Hadith to a legitamate source |
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Minority of the Muslim world 10-12% gathered in The Gulf
Believe Muhammad left Ali and his bloodline as successors at Ghadir Khumm
Use the title of Imam to mean leaders of Shia, traced back to Fatima and Ali
Believe Sunni caliphs were illegitamate usurpers.
Ali was the only Imam allowed to lead the Caliphate, the rest were inprisoned. |
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| 12th Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi |
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| The 12th Imam disappeared from this world, did not die, went to another dimension with God. Shia believe he will return as the Messiah, ushering in a golden age and vanquish evil. Will occur when Islam is in a degraded state as Muhammad al-Mahdi |
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| top ranking scholars, each Muslim can choose what Mujtahid to follow from anywhere in the world. |
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Understand God through feelings, not through knowledge or intellect.
Non conformist to Islam's traditions
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1 Asceticism- denial of bodily desire
Hasan al-Basri (Basra 700 AD)
Fear of God
2. Devotion to God Love of God
Rabi Basri (800 AD)
3. Union with God
Mansur al-Hallaj (900 AD Baghdad)
God is in everything,
we are apart of God thus we are God
Killed for Harasey
4. Brotherhoods/Orders Institutionalization of Sufism 1100 AD |
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