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Social Psychology Chapters 1-8
Midterm
149
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/06/2014

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Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

The attributions a person makes for his or her spouse’s acid remark depends upon the happiness of the marriage. What concept does this portray?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

What is a topic that is NOT an example of what social psychologists study?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

intelligence

Term

 

 

 

 

The best statement about objective reality is

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

According to Myers’ discussion of intuition, which statement is TRUE?

 

A)

B)

C)

D)

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behaviors are shaped by external social forces?

 

A)
B)
C)

D)

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

When explaining topics such as dating and mating, evolutionary psychologists consider how natural selection might

Definition

 

 

 

 

predispose our attitudes.

Term

 

 

 

 

Myers points out that our social behavior is shaped by

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Social representations are

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socially shared beliefs, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies.

Term

 

 

 

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

You ask your academic advisor what to major in, as you can’t seem to decide. She suggests psychology; however, it is important to remember that this answer likely reflects her

Definition

 

 

 

 

values.

Term

 

 

 

 

Whether we label a woman as “ambitious” or “aggressive” is a reflection of our

Definition

 

 

 

 

values.

Term

 

 

 

 

Another name for the “I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon” is the?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

The belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the _____ effect.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

When you give a presentation in class and feel extremely nervous you will tend to _____ what others think about your nervousness.

Definition

 

 

 

 

overestimate

Term

 

 

 

 

 

According to the author of the text, no topic in psychology today is more researched than?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

the self.

Term

 

 

 

 

A person’s answer to the question “Who am I?” comprises his or her?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

_______ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future are called our?

Definition

 

 

 

 

possible selves.

Term

 

 

 

 

 

The extent to which we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others is called

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number), rather than returning them individually. It makes you feel better to see how you did in comparison to other students. This is an example of what social psychology phenomenon?

Definition

 

 

 

 

social comparison

Term

 

 

 

 

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals, and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Self-esteem is more personal and less relational in what type of culture?

Definition

 

 

 

 

individualistic

Term

 

 

 

 

The planning fallacy is the tendency to?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term
Which statement is most accurate in relationship to our self-awareness?
 

A)
B)
C)
D)

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

People with low self-esteem are _____ to have clinical problems, including anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Activating particular associations in memory is called?

Definition

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Sometimes the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow, not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates

Definition

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called?

Definition

 

 

 

 

controlled processing.

 

Term

 

 

 

 

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is called the?

Definition

 

 

 

 

overconfidence phenomenon.

Term

 

 

 

 

When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs, the _______ has occurred.

Definition

 

 

 

 

confirmation bias

Term

 

 

 

 

The process of judging something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a category uses the _____ heuristic.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a commercial flight covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is called

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people’s confidence. This illustrates the?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

A favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone is what social psychologists call a(n)

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

In 1964, Leon Festinger concluded that the evidence to date?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n)?

Definition

 

 

 

 

role.

Term

 

 

 

 

The effect of _______ on _______ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo’s (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request is called the _______ phenomenon.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

A variation of the foot-in-the-door technique is often used by car dealers, because it typically results in people complying with higher and higher requests. It is called the _______ technique.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of European-Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled. This is an example of how?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

The evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches is called?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

______ is the study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Evolutionary psychology

Term

 

 

 

 

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity?

Definition

 

 

 

 

to learn and adapt.

Term

 

 

 

 

Rules for accepted and expected behavior are called?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term
Which statement about social norms is FALSE?
 

A)
B)
C)
D)

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

In psychology, the characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, is referred to as?

Definition

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Maccoby (2002) found that girls tend to _______ compared to boys.

Definition

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Being a student of social psychology, you can predict with reasonable accuracy that _______ are more likely to contribute to charitable organizations.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Worldwide, women’s vocational interests, compared to men,

Definition

 

 

 

 

relate to people rather than things.

Term

 

 

 

 

The vicarious experience of another’s feelings or ability to put oneself in another’s shoes is?

Definition

 

 

 

 

empathy

Term

 

 

 

When men and women want empathy and understanding, they are most likely to turn to a?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Woman

Term

 

 

 

 

Women’s wages in industrial nations are ___ percent of men’s.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to be attracted to woman’s physical features of youth and health because of?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin’s wedding. This is an example of?

Definition

 

 

 

 

compliance

Term

 

 

 

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of?

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

compliance

Term

 

 

 

 

After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow’s milk. Your behavior is an example of?

Definition

 

 

 

 

acceptance

Term

 

 

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people who quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of?

Definition

 

 

 

 

conformity

Term

 

 

 

 

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn. This is an example of

Definition

 

 

 

 

the chameleon effect

Term

 

 

 

 

 

How did Asch’s studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Milgram’s studies explored _______; Asch’s studies explored _______.

Definition

 

 

 

 

obedience; conformity

Term

 

 

 

 

The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

When participants in Milgram’s experiments wanted to quit, they were given?

Definition

 

 

 

 

up to four verbal prods to keep them going

Term

 

 

 

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them?

Definition

 

 

 

 

went all the way to 450 volts

Term

 

 

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner’s protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,

Definition

 

 

 

 

the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter’s demands.

Term

 

 

 

In Milgram’s research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience?

Definition

 

 

 

 

dropped to 21 percent

Term

 

 

 

 

_______ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Americans’ support for the Iraq war increased after the war began mainly because of the

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

You are more likely to be persuaded when a message is?

Definition

 

 

 

 

clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing.

Term

 

 

 

 

The _____ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

You are attending a lecture by a banker and you expect her to advocate bank savings accounts. However, she advocates stock investments instead. Since her message goes against her own self-interest, you perceive her as _______ and the message as _______.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Arguments, especially emotional ones, are often more influential when they come from beautiful people. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Abelson and his colleagues (1982) found that voting preferences in the United States could be reasonably predicted from voters’?

Definition

 

 

 

 

emotional reactions to the candidates

Term

 

 

 

 

Fear-arousing messages work best when they

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Studies have shown that if people are aware of opposing arguments, a _______ presentation is more persuasive and enduring.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as “intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious,” they rated the person _______ than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

According to Myers, the most effective instructors?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

A cult has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT?

Definition

 

 

 

 

the use of mind-altering drugs.

Term

 

 

 

 

 

People most vulnerable to cults are usually?

Definition

 

 

 

under the age of 25 and facing a personal crisis

Term

 

 

 

 

Kiesler (1971) recommended that one way to stimulate people’s thinking so that they become more committed to their positions is to?

Definition

 

 

 

 

mildly attack their position

Term

 

 

 

Exposing people to weak attacks on their attitudes, which then stimulates thinking in support of the initial attitude, is known as?

Definition

 

 

 

 

attitude inoculation

Term

 

 

 

 

According to social psychologists, a group exists when two or more people interact with and influence each other, and

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

On exam day, a student you do not know sits near you. This person is best described as a(n)?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Co-actor

Term

 

Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology’s first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it?

Definition

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

The larger the crowd, the _______ a person tends to be _______.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

more; aroused

Term

 

 

 

Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal, you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

The concern for how others are evaluating us is called?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

When giving a speech in class, you spend most of the first five minutes wondering what your audience is thinking of you. This is a good example of _____ instead of thinking about what you are saying.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of?

Definition

 

 

 

 

social loafing

Term

 

 

 

 

People in groups will loaf less when the?

Definition

 

 

 

 

task is challenging, appealing, or involving

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: A society's widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and culture ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.

Definition

 

 

 

 

social representations

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: An integrated set of prenciples that explain and predict observed events

Definition

 

 

 

 

theory

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Hypothesis

Term

 

 

 

 

 Term for: Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Field research

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: The study of the naturaly occuring relationships among variables.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Correlational research

Term

 

 

 

Term for: Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent varables) while controling others (holding them constant.)

Definition

 

 

 

 

Experimental research

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

Definition

 

 

 

 

Illusion of transparency

Term

 

 

 

 


Term for:  What we know and believe about ourselves.

Definition

 

 

 

 

self-concept

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Self-esteem

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: protecting one;s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

Definition

 

 

 

 

self-handicapping

Term

 

 

 

Term for: Persistenc eof one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis of one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

Definition

 

 

 

 

belife perseverance

Term

 

 

 

term for: incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading infomration about it.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Misinformation effect

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: "Explicit" thinkgin that is deliberate, reflective and conscious.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Controlled processing

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness: roughly corresponds to "intution."

Definition

 

 

 

 

Automatic processing

Term

 

 

 

Term for: The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overextimate the accuracy of one's beliefs.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Overconfidence phenomenon

Term

 

 

 

Term for: A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Confirmation Bias

Term

 

 

Term for: The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Representativeness heuristic

Term

 

 

 

Term for: A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in term sof their availability in memory.  If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

Definition

 

 

 

 

availability heuristic

Term

 

 

 

Term for: Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't

Definition

 

 

 

 

counterfactual thinking.

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Disponsitional attribution

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Attributing behavior to the environment

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

situational aattribution

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: The tendency for obervers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Fundamental aattribution error

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

behavioral confirmation

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: A favorable or unfaavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

attitude

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Role

Term

 

 

Term for: Tension that arises when one is simultaaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.  For example, dissonaance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contraary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

cognitive dissonance

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: The evolutionaary process by which heritaable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

natural selection

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: The study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Evolutionary psychology

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Standard for acceptaed and expected behavior.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Norms

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the four norms?

Definition

 

 

Expressiveness

 

Punctuality

 

Rule-Breaking

 

Personal Space

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: The vicarious experience of another's feeling; putting oneself in another's shoes.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Empathy

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Definition

 

 

 

 

conformity

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disaagreeing.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Compliance

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Acting in accord with a direct order or commend.

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

Obedience

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Conformity that involves both acting nd believing in accord with social pressures.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

acceptance

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Normative Influence

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Central route

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Peripheral route

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Other things being equal, information persented frist usually has the most influance.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Primacy effect

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Term for: Information presented lasat sometimes has the most influence.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Recency effect

Term

 

 

 

Term for: The motivation to thing and analyze.  Aassessed by agreement with items such as "The need of thinking abstratly is appealing ot me" and disagreement with items such as "I only think as hard as I have to."

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

need for cognition

Term

 

 

Term for: A group typically characterized by 

1) distinctive rituals and beliefs related to its devotion to aa god or person

2) isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture.

3) a chrismatic leader.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Cult

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations avilable.

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

attitude inoculation

Term

 

 

 

Term for: Orginal meaning: the tendency of people to preform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present

2) Current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevaalent, likely) responses in the presence of others.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Social facilitation

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Concern for how others are evaluating us.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Evluationm apprehension

Term

 

 

 

 

Term for: Loss of self-awareness and evaaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Definition

 

 

 

 

deindividuation

Term

 

 

 

Term for: A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initally discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

Definition

 

 

 

Sleeper effect

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