Term
| Muller v. Oregon made history in what area? |
|
Definition
| It had a major impact on the use of social science in court law |
|
|
Term
| According to the text, the goal of psychology is ___________, while the goal of legal system ______________. |
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Definition
| To emphasize the characteristics of groups; is to emphasize individual cases |
|
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Term
| Trial consultants are used to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Roles that psychologists may play in the legal system include |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ultimate goal of questioning suspects is to: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Police prefer a confession because: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The reasons why individuals waive their Miranda rights differ depending on whether they are guilty. According to the text, innocent suspects may so because they feel there is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Of all of the traits that can be defined as vulnerability, the most dangerous vulnerability is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| According to a study of college student interactions noted in the text, on average, study participants told ________ lies in about 10 minutes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lying is considered to be an adaptive behavior from a(n) ________________ point of view. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the text, polygraphers are able to identify approximately _________ of guilty suspects. |
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Definition
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Term
| Using polygraph for the purposes of employment are ___________ than those used in criminal cases. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| As with traditional polygraph test, the guilty knowledge test (GKT) can be influenced by: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Forensic identification can best be defined as: |
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Definition
| The process of linking physical evidence to particular individual. |
|
|
Term
| Biological evidence includes: |
|
Definition
| Blood, Saliva, Semen, and Skin Cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the consistency of a measure or observation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Said to have developed through evolution. |
|
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Term
| Markings on a bullet are referred to as: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of drawing inferences about a suspect's personality, behavior, motivation, and demographic characteristics based on evidence is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the text, there are approximately ____________ FBI specialists in the area of profiling. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Rational thinking, in serial killers, is often: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Killers that tend to be more impulsive and select victims more randomly are referred to as: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Serial killers that ten to torture their victims and kill for sadistic sexual pleasure are referred to as _____________ types. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What controversial book did Hugo Munsterberg write in 1908 for which he was put on trial and found guilty for libel? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) is considered a landmark case in the history of forensic psychology because: |
|
Definition
| it opened the door for the use of social science evidence in U.S. courts. |
|
|
Term
| In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court make explicit use of research provided by social scientists for the first time? |
|
Definition
| Brown v. Board of Education |
|
|
Term
| Which organization was founded in 1969 by psychologists who were interested in the legal system? |
|
Definition
| the American Psychology-Law Society |
|
|
Term
| A psychologist who is assessing a program is serving in the role of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence sets the legal standard for: |
|
Definition
| Permitting expert testimony in federal cases |
|
|
Term
| In which of the following of Saks' roles for the expert witness would a psychologist be faced with the dilemma of "whether it is all right for me to contribute hard-won knowledge to causes I would just as soon see lose"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not included in the Daubert trilogy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A psychologist acting as a trial consultant is serving in the role of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not one of the four guidelines established by Daubert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court extend a court's gatekeeping responsibilities to include all expert opinion? |
|
Definition
| Kumho Tire Ltd. v. Carmichael |
|
|
Term
| The style of inquiry in the U.S. legal system is ________, whereas in psychology it is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed judges constructed the law through their interpretations of evidence and precedent. |
|
|
Term
| Research presented in Chapter 1 suggests that most state court judges _______ the gatekeeping role established by Daubert and ________ adequately define the four guidelines for admissibility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not an advantage amicus curiae briefs have over expert testimony? |
|
Definition
| They are typically written by a team of researchers |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of Kassin and Sukel's (1997) study was to |
|
Definition
| Examine whether people are able to discount coerced confessions. |
|
|
Term
| In the case of Colorado v. Connelly (1986) Supreme Court Justice Brennan considered ______________ to be the strongest piece of evidence in a trial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was traditionally called "the third degree" refers to |
|
Definition
| Interrogation tactics that included direct physical violence. |
|
|
Term
| The fact that jurors find it difficult to discount any type of confession, even if it is false, is explained by the |
|
Definition
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
|
Term
| Confessions are generally ruled inadmissible for all of the following reasons except |
|
Definition
| Lying by police during interrogations |
|
|
Term
| In the case of People v. McRae (1978), in order to persuade the suspect to confess the police |
|
Definition
| Assembled a phony lineup and told the suspect that a fictional eyewitness had identified him. |
|
|
Term
| In Step 1 of the Reid technique, interrogators |
|
Definition
| Accuse the suspect of having committed the crime. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT an example of an exculpatory scenario? |
|
Definition
| "Have you have done this type of thing before?" |
|
|
Term
| According to researchers, the most significant individual vulnerability in cases involving false confessions is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the case of ________________, the Supreme Court held that in order to evaluate the voluntariness of a confession, trial judges must look at the totality of circumstances surrounding the confession. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a long interrogation an innocent suspect comes to believe he has committed a crime despite having no memory of doing so. His interrogators tell him that he must have either "blacked out" during the commission of the crime or he "repressed" the memory for having done so because it was so traumatic. His subsequent confession would be classified as a _____________ false confession. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a man falsely claims to have committed a crime in order to cover up an affair, he would be making a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT presented in Chapter 2 as a potential solution to the problem of false confessions? |
|
Definition
| Retraining police departments on interrogation procedures |
|
|
Term
| Research by Lassiter and colleagues had people evaluate a confession from three camera angles: suspect only, interrogator only, and both interrogator and suspect. It was found that |
|
Definition
| In the suspect only angle, the confession was rated as much less coerced. |
|
|
Term
| In the case of _______________ the U.S. Supreme Court held that "a defendant's case may stand or fall on his ability to convince the jury that the manner in which the confession was obtained casts doubt on its credibility". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bond and DePaulo (2006) analyzed the results from 384 studies that tested the lie detecting ability of more than 24,000 people and found an accuracy rate of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Police investigators who were surveyed believed they detect lies with an accuracy rate of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The theory behind the polygraph test is based on the assumption that |
|
Definition
| The Act of Lying will cause Physiological Arousal. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of a control question? |
|
Definition
| "Have you ever taken something that did not belong to you?" |
|
|
Term
| The flawed interpretation of a suspect's verbal and nonverbal behavior leading the interrogator to believe the suspect is guilty is explained by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most frequently used techniques for polygraphing involve variations of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of error is committed when a guilty suspect is misclassified as innocent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT a problem pointed out by David Lykken in Chapter 3 in using the polygraph to detect lying? |
|
Definition
| The make and model of the polygraph machine may produce different results. |
|
|
Term
| The 1993 U. S. Supreme Court decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals |
|
Definition
| Ruled that the admissibility of scientific evidence could be determined on a case-by-case basis. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following brain regions are associated with lying based on the fMRI study presented in the chapter? |
|
Definition
| Frontal cortex and parietal cortex |
|
|
Term
| The criteria-based content analysis technique is used to assess the truthfulness of a description of an event by using a systematic analysis of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the control question test of polygraph examination, a(n) ________________ suspect will react _________ strongly to the __________. |
|
Definition
| Innocent; more; control questions |
|
|
Term
| A score of zero on a polygraph examination would indicate that |
|
Definition
| There is no difference between a control question and a relevant question. |
|
|
Term
| The U.S. Supreme Court addressed the lack of consensus on the scientific validity of the polygraph in which of the following cases? |
|
Definition
| United States v. Scheffer |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was the first identification technique hailed as scientific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The consistency or repeatability of a measure or observation is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following refers to whether or not a technique measures what it is supposed to measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who pioneered the use of fingerprints in establishing identity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rank the following types of forensic identification evidence from the strongest to the weakest: fingerprints, DNA, striations. |
|
Definition
| DNA, fingerprints, striations |
|
|
Term
| What educational qualifications do most practitioners of forensic science hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which of the following fingerprint patterns do the ridges enter from one side, make a rise in the center, and exit generally on the opposite side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which of the following conditions would an analyst not know he or she is being tested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest DNA database system in the world is maintained by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tread wear pattern on a car tire would be an example of a(n) __________ characteristic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA was first introduced as evidence in U.S. courts in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency to search out evidence that confirm our beliefs and to ignore evidence that contradicts our beliefs is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of testimony expresses a match between a trace and a specific, individual source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree to which two or more observers or analysts independently arrive at the same measurement is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bowers (2002) conducted a study on the ability of forensic dentists to match a bite mark to the teeth of a defendant and found that they falsely identified an innocent person _____ of the time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distinctive, personal aspect of the crime that presumably reveals the personality of the killer is known as a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of most serial killers? |
|
Definition
| The use of firearms in killing |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not characteristic of an organized murderer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not characteristic of a disorganized murderer? |
|
Definition
| Follows media accounts of his crimes |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not characteristic of an organized crime scene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of serial killers is most likely to be a sexual sadist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the process of determining whether two or more crimes were committed by the same person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In geographic profiling, an anchor point refers to |
|
Definition
| A location from where attacks might be launched. |
|
|
Term
| Serial killers are typically defined as murders that kill ___ or more people in separate events _____ a cooling-off period between murders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not characteristic of a disorganized crime scene? |
|
Definition
| Aggressive Prior to death |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of serial killers is most likely to be psychotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Psychological autopsies are used in cases involving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Jackson v. State of Florida (1989) |
|
Definition
| Psychological autopsy testimony was admitted and upheld on appeal. |
|
|
Term
| Mokros and Alison (2004) analyzed 100 stranger rapes for the presence of 28 characteristics of the rapists who committed them and found |
|
Definition
| No discernable demographic resemblance between criminals who committed very similar crimes. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral investigative advice offers advice to investigators on all of the following except |
|
Definition
| Inferences about a suspect's personality based on the evidence. |
|
|
Term
| In geographic profiling, an anchor point refers to |
|
Definition
| A location where the attacks may be launched |
|
|
Term
| In J.E.B. v. Ala. Ex rel (1994), the Court ruled that potential jurors cannot be excluded because of their |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first attempt at "scientific jury selection" occurred in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compensatory damages are meant to |
|
Definition
| Compensate the defendant for losses |
|
|
Term
| Olczak, Kaplan, and Penrod (1991) compared the jury selection strategies judging the personalities of mock jurors and picking favorable juries of seasoned lawyers to college students and law school students and found |
|
Definition
| The lawyers performed no better than either group of students. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of prospective jurors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attorneys and judges to examine potential jurors to determine their acceptability for the jury. |
|
|
Term
| An attorney may use a peremptory challenge to |
|
Definition
| Dismiss a potential juror without giving a reason. |
|
|
Term
| In Batson v. Kentucky (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that potential jurors cannot be excluded because of their |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trial consultants are usually hired in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A juror who scores high on measures of authoritarianism would be least likely to convict? |
|
Definition
| A police officer accused of using excessive force. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not one of the broad personality tendencies associated with jury verdicts mentioned in Chapter 6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following scales measures general cynicism about the legal system? |
|
Definition
| The Juror Bias Scale (JBS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of prospective jurors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attorneys and judges to examine potential jurors to determine their acceptability for the jury. |
|
|
Term
| An attorney may use a peremptory challenge to |
|
Definition
| Dismiss a potential juror without giving a reason. |
|
|
Term
| In Batson v. Kentucky (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that potential jurors cannot be excluded because of their |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trial consultants are usually hired in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A juror who scores high on measures of authoritarianism would be least likely to convict? |
|
Definition
| A police officer accused of using excessive force. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not one of the broad personality tendencies associated with jury verdicts mentioned in Chapter 6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following scales measures general cynicism about the legal system? |
|
Definition
| The Juror Bias Scale (JBS) |
|
|
Term
| The best predictor of whether a defendant is acquitted or convicted is |
|
Definition
| The persuasiveness of the evidence presented. |
|
|
Term
| In civil cases the standard of proof for being held liable is |
|
Definition
| Preponderance of the evidence. |
|
|
Term
| The last opportunity for questioning a witness occurs during _______ examination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An eyewitness identifies John as the perpetrator of a crime that he did not commit. The eyewitness saw John's picture in a local advertisement and has mistakenly replaced the face of the actual perpetrator with John's face when recalling the crime. This demonstrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When eyewitnesses view a simultaneous lineup they tend to compare people in the lineup with one another and then identify the person who most looks like their mental image of the criminal. In this situation they are relying on __________ to make identifications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three component processes in memory are |
|
Definition
| Encoding, storage, and retrieval |
|
|
Term
| Tracy witnessed two men holding up a bank who were both wearing camouflage pants. When questioned about the crime, she had a good recall for the pants but a poor recall for other objects. This phenomenon is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to improve eyewitness accuracy, social scientists can assist the legal system in improving _____ variables. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following Manson criteria is contrary to research findings? |
|
Definition
| The degree of certainty displayed by the witness |
|
|
Term
| Based on the information presented in Chapter 7, which of the following is false? |
|
Definition
| High stress conditions usually increase the rate of correct identifications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is likely to increase over time. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not an estimator variable in eyewitness identification? |
|
Definition
| The type of questions asked by the police |
|
|
Term
| Cutler, Penrod, and Dexter (1990) conducted several experiments exposing mock jurors to expert testimony about the accuracy of eyewitnesses and found that participants who were not exposed to the expert testimony |
|
Definition
| Overestimated the accuracy of eyewitnesses |
|
|
Term
| In general, research findings on hypnosis indicate that |
|
Definition
| It does not increase the recall of accurate information. |
|
|
Term
| Which phase of the cognitive interview would require mentally viewing the event from the perspective of the criminal and the victim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loftus (1974) examined 347 cases in which the only evidence was eyewitness testimony and found that the defendant was |
|
Definition
| Convicted in about 3/4 of these cases. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a system variable in eyewitness identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One technique for improving the ability of an eyewitness to remember important information accurately is to relax the eyewitness and mentally reinstate the context surrounding the crime. This approach is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the chapter, over ______ criminal defendants are evaluated for competency to stand trial every year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding defendants judged to be incompetent to stand trial, which of the following is false? |
|
Definition
| They tend to be charged with more serious crimes. |
|
|
Term
| In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court limit the period of confinement to the time necessary to determine if the defendant could be returned to competence in the foreseeable future? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most states limit the period of confinement for defendants found to be incompetent to somewhere between ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests was specifically designed to detect malingering? |
|
Definition
| the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| The Court's decision in the case of Morrow v. Maryland (1982) was: |
|
Definition
| Severe memory loss does not mean that a defendant should be ruled incompetent. |
|
|
Term
| The modern conception of competency to stand trial was defined by the Supreme Court in the case of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests is not a forensic assessment instrument? |
|
Definition
| the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
|
|
Term
| In the case of Indiana v. Edwards, the Supreme Court held that: |
|
Definition
| there is a higher standard for a mentally ill individual to waive counsel. |
|
|
Term
| According to the research presented in chapter 8, which of the following is not one of the most common mental health problems diagnosed in defendants found to be incompetent to stand trial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the information presented in Chapter 8, which of the following is false regarding competency to stand trial? |
|
Definition
| A majority of individuals suffering from severe mental disorders are found incompetent. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following cases involved the issue of a defendant being forcibly medicated who was deemed not to be a danger to himself or others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is not one of the conditions suggested by Grisso (1997) that should trigger an automatic competency evaluation for juveniles? |
|
Definition
| Family history of mental illness |
|
|
Term
| In the case of _________________ the Supreme Court held that separate psychological evaluations of competency to waive one's rights to counsel or plead guilty are not required once a defendant has been found competent to stand trial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Competency to stand trial refers to the psychological state of the defendant: |
|
Definition
|
|
