-a nerve cell

- basic buolding block of the nervous system

-the extention of a neuron

- ends in branching terminal fibers (where messages pass to other neurons or muscles or glands)

-a neural impulse

- a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

the junction between the axon tip if the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

(gap is called - synaptic gap)

"morphine within"

natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

- the body's 'slow' chemical communication system

- a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

- chemical messangers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands

- travels througn the bloodstream, and affects other tissues

- the oldest part and central core of the brain

- beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull

- the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

- the base of the brainstem

- controls heartbeat and breathing

- the brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem

- directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

- neural system

- located below the cerebral hemispheres

-associated with emotion and drives

-the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres

-the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

-portion of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead

-involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans and body position

-portion of the cerebral cortex at the top of the head (more towards the rear)

- receives sensory input for touch and body position

-portion of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head

- includes areas that reveive information from the visual fields (eyes)

- portion of the cerebral cortex above the ears

- includes the auditory areas, receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

-the brains ability to change (especially during childhood)

-builds new pathways based on experience

-study of the brain activity linked with cognition

-perception, thinking, memory and language

- the biological clock

- regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hr cycle

-rapid eye movement sleep

- where most vivid dreaming occurs

-muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active

-freud

- the rememebered story lne of a dream

-freud

-the underlying meaning of a dream

FAS

(fetal alcohol syndrome)

-the fear of strangers that infants commonly display

-beginning about 8months old

-erikson

-our sense of self

1. Sensorimotor - birth to 2 years - object permanence and stranger anxiety - experiencing the world through senses and actions

2. Preoperational - 2 to 6/7 years - pretend play and egocentrism - representing things with words and images

3. Concrete Operational - 2 to 11 years - conservation, mathamatical transformations - thinking logically about concrete events

4. Formal Operational - 12 through adulthood - absract logic, potential or mature moral reasoning - abstract reasoning

Authoritarian - parents impose rules and expect obedience

(don't stay out too late or you'll be grounded. Why?. because i said so)

Permissive - parents submit to their childrens desires - they make few demands and use little punishment

Autoritative - parents are both demanding and responsive.  They exert control by setting rules but also explain the reasoning behind the rules.

Lawrence Kohlberg

and his

3 stages of moral reasoning

believed that as we develope intellectually, we pass through three basic levels of moral thinking.

1. Preconventional morality - before age 9 - most childrens morality focuses on self interest: they obey rules to avoid punishment

2. Conventional morality - by early adolescence - morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules because they are the laws and rules

3. Postconventional morality - actions are judged "right" because they flow from peoples rights or from self-defined, basic eithical principles

1. Infancy (up to 1 yr) if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

2. Toddlerhood (1-3 years) toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves

3. Preschool (3-6 years) learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or feel guilty about becoming independent

4. Elementary School (6yrs to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks and begin to feel inferior

5. Adolescence (teen yrs to early 20's) work at finding a sense of self by testing roles and forming them into one

6. Young Adulthood (20's-40's) struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love

7. Middle Adulthood (40's-60's) people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work

8. Late Adulthood (60's and up) reflecting on his or her own life and feel a sens of satisfaction or failure