Term
|
Definition
| the feeling of separation from one's group or society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic system in which the ownership of the means of production-like land, factories, large sums of money, and machines-is in private hands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach that examines the ways in which groups disagree, struggle over power, and complete for scarce resources(such as property, wealth, and prestige). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outcome, which may be affected by the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information that is based on observation, experiments, or experiences rather than on ideology, religion, or intuition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research that uses all of the standard data collection techniques to asses the effectiveness of social programs in both the public and the private sectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approaches that try to explain the social, economic, and political position of women in society with a view to freeing women from traditionally oppressive expectations, constraints, roles, and behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (structural functionalism) an approach that maintains that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure society's survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statement of a relationship between two or more variables that researchers want to test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a characteristic that determines or has an effect on the dependent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action in which people take each other into account in thier own behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions that are intended and recognized; they are present and clearly evident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the steps in the research process that include careful data collection, exact measurement, accurate recording and analysis of the findings, thoughtful interpretation of results, and, when appropriate, a generalization of the findings to a larger group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examination of data that have been collected by someone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aspects po social life, external to the individual, that can be measured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which we act toward and react to people around us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research that examines human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social cohesiveness and harmony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intersection between individual lives and large social influences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The systematic study of social interactions at a variety of levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (interactionism) a microlevel perspective that looks at individuals' everyday behavior through the communication of knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separating one's personal values, opinions, ideology, and beliefs from scientific research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a feeling of isolation, meaninglessness, and powerlessness that may affect workers in a bureacracy |
|
|
Term
| anticipatory socialization |
|
Definition
| the process of learning how to perform a role one doesn't yet occupy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social position that a person is born into |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal organzation that is designed to accomplish goals and taskes through the efforts of a large number of people in the most efficient and rational way possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of studying social behavior that systematically examines some form of communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who deliberately oppose and consciously reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cultural values and products of one society influence or dominate those of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the consistency of various aspects of society that promotes order and stability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| customs and practices that are common to all societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects, that characerize a particular group or society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sense of confusion, uncertainty, disorientation, or anxiety that acconpanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inquiry process that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then testedthrough data collection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interdependence of different tasks and occupations, characteristic of industrialized societies, that produce social unity and facilitate change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique that examines social interaction as if occurring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social patterns that have a negative impact on a group or society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everyday interactions possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| data collection by systematically observing people in thier natural surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norms that members of a society (or a group within a society) see as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex and structured secondary group that has been deliberately created to achieve specific goals in an effcient manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who don't have close ties to a child wut who influence her or hisinternalization of society's norms and values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attitudes or organizational biases in the workplace that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency of in-group members to conform without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas, which results ina narrow view of an issue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the beliefs, values, and norms that people in a society say they hold or follow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one's less appealing qualities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically exculde and devalues outsiders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inquiry process that begins with a specific observation, followed bt data collection, a general conclusion, or theory construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assumethey are correct and accept them without question |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions that are unintended and unrecognized; they are present but not immediaately obvious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal rules about behavior that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a self-image based on how we think others see us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ascribed or achieved status that determines a person's identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of small-scale patterns of individuals' social interaction in specific settings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior |
|
|
Term
| multiculturalism (cultural pluralism) |
|
Definition
| the coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without one culture dominating another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the shared set of meanings that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sample for which little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| message that are sent without using words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in-group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who are similar in age, social status, and interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any well-defined group of people(or things) about whom researchers want to know something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sample for which each person(or thing, such as an e-mail address) has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research that examines non-numerical material and interprets it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research that focuses on a numerical analysis of people's responses or specific characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual everyday behavior of people in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of people who shape am individual's self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the behavior expected of a person who has a particular status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the frustrations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the different roles attached to a single status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stress that arises from incompatible demands among roles within a single status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning to take the perspective of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people(or things) that are representative of the population researchers wish to study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large, usually formal, impearsonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a specific goal or activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an awareness of one's social identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sistuatuion where if we define something as real and act on it, it can, in fact, become real |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the people who are important in one's life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perspective whose fundamental premise is that social interaction is based on each person's trying to maximize rewards (or benefits) and minimize punishments (or costs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more people who interact with one another, and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging or "we-ness" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized and established social system taht meets one or more of a society's basic needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a web of social ties that links an individual to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who have lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals, including human beings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social position that a person occupies ina society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conflict that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of social statuses that a person occupies at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from those of the larger society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systematic method for collecting data from respondents, including questionaires, face-to-face or telephone interviews, or a combination of these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| places where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of thier former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a characteristic that can change in value or magnitude under different conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal organization created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for thier participation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ is an economic system where wealth is in private hands and is invested and reinvested to produce profits. |
|
|
