trapping of the sun's energy the Earth in the lower atmosphere

caused by the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and adds c02 into the air

warming effect may melt glacier and raise sea levels

 layer of the atmosphere closes to the Earth

 where weather happens

temperature decreases

  second layer of the atmosphere

 where airplanes fly; where the ozone layer is temperate remains constant to height of 20 kilometers

third layer of the atmosphere

where meteors burn up

temperature decreases

outmost layer of the atmosphere

 where auroras happen

  temperature increases

 A windward coast will experience the full moderating influence of the ocean and cool summers and mild winters. A leeward coast will have a more continental temperature pattern because winds don't have to carry th ocean's influence onshore

Land heats more rapidly and to higher temperature than water. Land also cools more rapidly and to lower temperatures than water.

What is an Air pollutant

What accounts for nearly half of all air pollution

airborne particles ad gases that occur in concentrations large enough to endanger the environment

emissions from transportation vehicles account for nearly half of the primary pollutant

What gas is most abundant in the Atmosphere

What gas is second most abundant in the Atmosphere

What other gasses are in the Atmosphere

Nitrogen (N) - 78%

Oxygen (O) -21%

H2O vapor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Argon (A)

Relative Humidity

What is the equation for finding it

the % of moisture the air can hold relative to the amount it can hold at a certain temperature

(specific humidity/ capacity or saturated) times 100

water that falls from the atmosphere to the earth

occurs when cloud droplets grow into heavy enough drops to fall to Earth

 acid drops that fall to the ground

contains nitrate and sulfate that comes from burning fuels, volcanoes, and cars

the temperature at which water vapor condenses

dew, clouds, and fog forms

if dew point is below freezing, frost forms

thin, feathery, made of ice crystals

forms at high altitude

seen when weather is fair but can mean rain or snow

"curl of hair"

low sheet or layers; grey and smooth

blocks out the sun

associated with rain and drizzle

piled in thick, puffy masses

usually means fair weather

"a pile"

large cloud that produces lightning, thunder, heavy showers

Thunderstorms

deflection of winds and ocean currents caused by the Earth's rotation

winds in N. Hemisphere flow to the right

winds in S. Hemisphere flow to the left

lines that in points on a map having the same air pressures

falling barometer- warmer weather, humid with rain and snow

rising barometer cooler weather and drizzle

name given to periodic warming of ocean that occurs in central and eastern pacific

at irregular intervals of 3-7 years, warm counter currents become strong and replace normally cold offshore waters with warm equatorial waters

can cause extreme weather

pressure that the air exerts on the Earth

directed equally in all directions

differences in air pressure causes Earth's winds and weather changes

air pressure is affected by temperature, water vapor, and elevation

narrow belts of strong, high speed air

10-15 km

closely related to weather

What are Low Pressure Centers called

Describe

What are High Pressure Centers called

Describe

In an addition to their overall temperature, air masses are classified according to the surface over which they form.

Polar and tropical describe the temperature characteristics of an air mass which continental and maritime describe the moisture characteristics of the air mass

a warm front forms when warm air moves into an area formerly covered by cooler air

red semi circles

a cold front forms when cold, dense air moves into a region occupied by warmer air

blue triangles

surface position of a front, when the flow of air on either side is not cold or warm, doesn't move and a stationary front forms

red semi circles on one side and blue triangles on the other side

an active cold front overtakes a warm front, an occluded front forms

Purple triangles and semi circles

Describle Pressure within Hurricanes

Describe Pressure within Tornadoes

In a Hurricane pressure starts low in small storms and gets higher up into 73 and up pressure as the storm reaches a tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane

Pressure within some tornadoes has been estimated to be as much as 10 percent lower than pressure immediately outside the storm. The low pressure within a tornado causes air near the ground to rush into a tornado from all directions

 theory that helps explain the formation and movements of these plates

outer shell of the Earth

made of crust and mantle

layer within mantle that lithosphere plates rest on

where convection currents are rising: new material moves to Earth's surface, pushes older material aside, pushes mantle up, lithosphere plates move apart

where cooler denser currents are sinking: lithosphere plates are pulled together and a trench is formed

place where two plates come together

place where two lithospheric plates are moving apart

lithosphere plates are sliding past one another

formed 200 million years ago, all continents were connected to form a supercontinent

break or crack along which rocks more and caused by stress

1. Continental Puzzle

2. Fossils

3. Geological

4. Climatic and Glacial Evidence

 triggered by an earthquakes, occurs where ocean floor is displaced

point on Earth's surface directly above the focus

site of most violent shaking

instruments that detect and measure seismic waves

(pyroclastic material) solid fragments ejected from a volcano

ash (less than 2 mm)

lapilli (less than 64 mm)

bombs

block

composed of quiet lava flows

form gently sloping, dome shaped mountain

basaltic (mafic) magma

largest is Mauna Loa in Hawaii

made mostly of tehpra and other rock particles

formed from explosive eruptions

not very high, narrow base with steep sides

Composite Volcano

(Stratovolcano)

built up of alternating layers of rock and lava

explosive eruptions at first with tehpra then quiet with lava

forms large cone shaped mountains

made of granitic and basaltic magma

largest igneous intrusions

form when huge bodies of magma cools underground

cover 1000 km

point beneath the Earth's surface the rocks break or move apart

point on fault plane where first movements occur

sheet of hardened magma that forms between and parallel to layers of rocks

major earthquake zone that forms ring around the Pacific Ocean

Mid- ocean ridge occurs where plates are moving apart and lava flows out smoothly and fluidly from cracks

Subduction zones occurs at subduction boundaries and are usually explosive and erupted material is mostly lava

Hot spots are area of volcanic activity in the middle of a lithosphere plates and Hawaiian islands are an example

The Pacific Ring of Fire is a major earthquake an volcano zone that forms ring around the Pacific Ocean

Viscosity or the substances resistance to flow and Dissolved gasses affect how slow or fast lava flows. If it is fluid like that its silent, gaseous eruptions are loud. Silica and temperature affect viscosity

Magma contains dissolved gasses that are given off and contain water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur

Magma with more gases has explosive eruptions

make homes shake

moves slowest

move like ripples on a pond

P Waves (Primary Waves)

(used to measure)

measures quickest

moves faster

back and forth and push and pull waves

moves through solid, liquid, or gas

travel slowly

move side to side

travel through solid

way a mineral shines in reflected light

occurs when rocks are buried deep beneath Earth's surface and changed by increase temperature and pressure

covers large area

resistance to being scratched

occurs when rocks are heated by contact with magma or lava

covers a small area

color of a mineral's powder form and is usually not the same color as the mineral

some sediments are joined together, or cemented by minerals dissolve in water

light colored, thick and slow flowing, rick in silica, forms underground

formed from magma deep within the Earth

cools slowly, has large crystals

coarse grained

formed from lava at Earth's surface

cools quickly, has small crystals

fine grained

Igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and hardens

Sedimentary rocks are made by mud, sand, gravel, and shells and the sediments are moved by wind and water

 Pressure is placed on it and they change and then joined together by dissolved in water

this forms layers called strata

Conglomerates are a Clastic, or formed by broken pieces or fragments of rock, Sedimentary Rock

It is formed by rounded pebbles or clumps of clay, mud or sand carried by water

Sedimentary rocks form layers

 They usually are formed in water and have ripple marks or mud cracks

 Fossils are often preserved in sedimentary rocks

It is classified according to compositions, texture, or grain size

Horizontal is

Vertical is

layers

piles

What do Minerals need

What defines Sedimentary Rock

Carbon

Layers