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Definition
| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with (1) but not (2) |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language) |
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Definition
| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. |
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Definition
| the differing complementary views, from the biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
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| an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social cultural levels of analysis |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that studies, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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Definition
| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological thearpy |
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Definition
| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it (also know as the I- knew it all along phenomenon) |
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Definition
| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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Definition
| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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Definition
| a testable prediction often implied by a theory |
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Definition
| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as "what an intelligence measures" |
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Definition
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
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Definition
| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles. |
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Definition
| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
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Definition
| all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population) |
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Definition
| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Definition
| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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Definition
| the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. the correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship ranging from -1 to +1 |
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Definition
| the perception of a relationship where none exists. |
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Definition
| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) by random assignment of participants the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
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Definition
| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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Definition
| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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Definition
| in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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Definition
| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug evaluation studies |
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Definition
| "i shall please" experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
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Definition
| the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied |
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Definition
| the outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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Definition
| the enduring behaviors ideas attitudes and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse, review |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neutral, hormonal) and psychological processes ( some biological psychologist call themselves behavioral geneticists, physiological psychologist or bio psychologists |
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Definition
| a nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system |
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Definition
| the neurons bushy branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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Definition
| the neurons extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Definition
| a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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Definition
| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron the tiny gap at this junction is called the synapses gap or synaptic cleft |
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Definition
| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| "morphine within" - neutral, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| the bodys speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| bundled axons that form neutral "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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Definition
| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
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Definition
| neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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Definition
| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles also called the skeletal nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses, its parasympathetic division calms |
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Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) its sympathetic division arouses its parasympathetic division calms |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the division of the automatic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that clams the body conserving its energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple automatic response to sensory stimulus such as the knee jerk response |
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Definition
| the bodys slow chemical communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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Definition
| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream, and affect other tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
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Definition
| the endocrines systems most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue destruction a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused by destruction of brain tissue |
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Definition
| the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull, the brain-stem is responsible for automatic survival functions |
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Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. theses waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
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Term
| PET (positron emission tomography) scan |
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Definition
| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy |
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Definition
| a technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain activity |
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Definition
| the base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing |
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Definition
| the brains sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem, it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
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Definition
| a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
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Definition
| the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem, functions include some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordination movement output and balance |
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Term
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Definition
| neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres. associated with emotions and drives |
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Term
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Definition
| two limabean sized neural clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion |
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Definition
| neural structures lying below (hypo) the thalamus it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body, temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward |
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Definition
| the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres the bodys ultimate control and information processing center |
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Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead, involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements |
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Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear receives sensory input for touch and body position |
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Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head includes areas that receive information from the visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears, includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear |
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Definition
| an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
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Definition
| area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to brocas area (impairing speaking) or to wernickes are (imparing understanding) |
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Term
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Definition
| controls language expression, an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
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Term
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Definition
| controls language reception a brain area usually in the left temporal lobe that is involved in language comprehension and expression |
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Term
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Definition
| the brains ability to change especially during childhood by recognizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them |
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Definition
| drugs that stimulate neural activity causing sppeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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Term
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Definition
| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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Definition
| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| failing to notice changes in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological clocks; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic, natural loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
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Definition
| false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
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Definition
| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Fraud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content) |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Fraud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
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Definition
| the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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Definition
| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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Definition
| a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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Definition
| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the discomfit and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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Definition
| compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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Definition
| drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Definition
| drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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Definition
| drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and the even more powerful cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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Definition
| a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded- up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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Term
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Definition
| a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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Definition
| psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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Definition
| a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
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Definition
| an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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Definition
| the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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Definition
| every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors |
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Definition
| threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): |
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Definition
| a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein |
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Definition
| twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms |
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Definition
| twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment |
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Definition
| a person’s characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity |
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Definition
| the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) |
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Definition
| the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural science |
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Definition
| the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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Definition
| a random error in gene replication that leads to a change |
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Definition
| in psychology the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female |
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Term
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Definition
| the enduring behaviors, idea, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior |
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Definition
| the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies |
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Definition
| giving priority to ones own goals over a group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
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Definition
| giving priority to group goals (often those of the extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly |
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Definition
| physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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Definition
| the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child |
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Term
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Definition
| the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother it produces a male child |
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Definition
| the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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Definition
| a set of expected behaviors for male or for females |
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Definition
| our sense of being male or females |
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Definition
| the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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Definition
| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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Term
| Developmental psychology: |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
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Term
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Definition
| the fertilized egg, it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month |
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Definition
| agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): |
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Definition
| physical cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking in severe cases symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions |
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Definition
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience |
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Term
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Definition
| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Definition
| interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piagets theory the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piagets theory the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass volume and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piagets theory the preoperational childs difficulty taking another’s point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| peoples ideas about their own and others mental states about their feelings perceptions and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication social interaction and understanding others states of mind |
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Term
| Concrete operational stage: |
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Definition
| in Piagets theory the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
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Term
| Formal operational stage: |
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Definition
| in Piagets theory the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age |
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Definition
| an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation |
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Term
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Definition
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Definition
| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Erik Erikson a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence |
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Definition
| the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
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Term
| Primary sex characteristics: |
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Definition
| the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics: |
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Definition
| no reproductive sexual characteristics such as female breast, hips, male voice quality, and body hair |
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Term
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Definition
| the first menstrual period |
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Term
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Definition
| our sense of self, according to Erikson the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
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Term
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Definition
| the we aspect of our self-concept, the part of our answer to who am i? that comes from our group memberships |
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Definition
| in Eriksons theory the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| for some people in modern cultures a period from the late teens to mid twenties bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines |
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Term
| Crystallized intelligence: |
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Definition
| our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with age |
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Term
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Definition
| our ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UR): |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (US): |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically triggers a response |
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Term
| Conditioned response (CR): |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS): |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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| in classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning the strengthen of a reinforced response |
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| Higher-order conditioning: |
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Definition
| a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus n one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone (also called second-order conditioning) |
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Definition
| the diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
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| the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Definition
| the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar tot eh conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response |
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| in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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Definition
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by punisher |
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| behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
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| Thorndike principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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Term
| Continuous reinforcement: |
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Definition
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement: |
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Definition
| reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that in reforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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| Variable interval schedule: |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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| an event that decreases the behavior it follows |
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| a mental representation of the layout of ones environment for example after exploring a maze rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| learning by observing others |
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Definition
| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of anothers action may enable imitation and empathy |
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| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
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| concrete operational (reversibility) |
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Definition
| Johnny and his friends become lost in a very large city park while playing in the woods there. After overcoming an initial panic reaction, they figure out that they can find the way out by “backtracking” and using the landmarks that they saw on their way in to the woods. They do so and emerge from the woods 10 minutes later. |
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Term
| preoperational stage (object perminance) |
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Definition
| Hannah sees her mama pick up a shiny, sharp, and utterly fascinating object from the kitchen floor and put it out of her reach on the counter. When mama leaves the room, Hannah sees a chair at the table four feet from the counter, looks again at the counter, and then begins to drag the chair slowly from the table to the counter. She is climbing up on the chair just as her mother returns to the kitchen. |
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Term
| preoperational stage (egocentrism) |
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Definition
| Jasmine is asked whether she has a sister. She says yes. She is asked whether her sister has a sister. She says no |
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Term
| formal operation stage (abstract reasoning) |
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Definition
| - Jermaine is asked the meaning of the saying “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” He says that sometimes it is not a good idea to let go of what you have for something that seems better because you could end up with nothing. |
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Term
| sensory motor stage (doesnt understand object permanence |
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Definition
| The babysitter can keep Maurice entertained for an hour with the game of peek-a-boo. |
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| preoperational stage (lack of conservation) |
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Definition
| Susie is crying. She sees that her mother gave her brother four fish sticks while she was only given two. She says, “He has more than me. That’s not fair!” Her mother picks up the plate and cuts Susie’s fish sticks in half. She puts them in front of the delighted Susie, who starts to eat them without complaint. |
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| concrete operational (classify) |
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Definition
| If you ask Dora who the tallest, smartest, or funniest person in her class is, she will answer the question fairly accurately |
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| formal operational stage (hypothetical ideas) |
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Definition
| Sarah is at a sleepover party where some of her friends are smoking cigarettes. They suggest that she try smoking to help her keep her weight down. She imagines the possibility of that idea working. She also imagines being 50 and having lung cancer. She declines the invitation. |
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