The sociological approach that veiws society as a stable, ordered system

the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by post-industrialization, consumerism, and global communications

a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

C Wright Mills' term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

the systematic study of human society and social interaction

the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

Emile Durkheims designation for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.

Hidden functions unidentified by participants and functions that are intentional and recognized by participants in a social unit.

Understanding what actions mean from the actor's perspective. In other words, putting aside your own culture to come to understand how different cultures function; recognizing that people's actions are guided by the norms and values of their own culture, and that this culture may produce a functional society. (Max Weber)

Gaining knowledge through direct, systematic observation (the scientific method)

The effect of the researcher on the person or people being studied. In Kendall's usage, this is the same thing as the "Hawthorne effect" in the 20-chapter hardcover text. Neither term is defined in the Essentials text. Basically, the mere presence of a researcher sometimes makes a study come out differently, as people's behavior is affected by the fact that they know they are being observed.

Written agreement of a person to participate in a study; includes information about the potential benefits and risks (both physical and emotional) of participating, and that the participant is free to withdraw from the study at any time.

Research that produces descriptive data (words) instead of numbers.

Research that produces numerical results; often uses complex statistical analysis.

the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the cultures own standards

the assumptions ones own culture or way of life is superior to all others

established rules of behavior or standards of conduct;

mores- serious consequences for breaking

taboos- mores so strong their violation is extremely offensive/unmentionable

anything that meaningfully represents something else

collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desireable or undesireable in a particular culture.

the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

"the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real." (Kendall text). Beliefs are a key part of non-material culture.

Rewards for appropriate behavior/penalties for inappropriate behavior.

The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals develop self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society

Charles Horton Cooley's term for the way in which a persons sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves

Treating as real something that is not real. (In other words, mistaking a social construct for reality.)

a group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence

a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet it's basic social needs

a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status

the process by which people act toward or respond to one another. Foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

The stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a particular group or society.

A socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

Ascribed= not chosen

Achieved= achieved

Master= the main status that overthrows others

analysis the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation

Erving Goffman's term for people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable their own interest or image.

societies based on technology that mechanizes production.

the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries

Emile Durkhiems for the social cohesion in per-industrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

Emile Durkhiems term for the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people preform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

Society in which technology supports a service and information based economy.

false belief or prediction causes behavior to make event happen

Societies that use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal- drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.

the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or group.

A group of people who may never have met each other but share a similar characteristic such as education level, age, race, or gender.

an approach to leadership that provides emotional support for members

the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

a group to which a person belongs and with which feels a sense of identity

goal or task oriented leadership

according to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people.

process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by spontaneity and informality are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

a group that strongly influences a persons behavior or social attitudes, even if they aren't a member.

a group composed of three members

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs

systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws, and to discourage deviance.

the proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from social norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable towards deviance in that community.

circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

A response to strain that accepts culturally approved goals and rejects culturally approved means; one form is crime.

the proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others.

A response to strain that accepts culturally approved means but does not expect to achieve culturally approved goals; conformity without the expectation of success.

A tie to another person (in other words, a stable social relationship).

The concept that deviance can be prevented by strong internal and external social controls.

the proposition people feel strained when exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.