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Definition
the two choromosomes that determine the sex of an organism, carr genes for other characteristics.
F- XX
M-XY |
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| all other chromosomes in a cell (44 in humans) |
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| photomicrograph of chormosomes in normal dividing cell found in human |
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- number of chromosomes in a usual cell of organism (diploid: 46 in humans)
- cell having "two sets of chromosomes"
- abbreviation of diploid: 2n
- 2n=46 in humans
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Term
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Definition
- sperm and egg cells, describes a cell's nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chormosomes
- have one set of chormosomes (one for each homologous pair)
- abbreviation: 1n
- 1n=23 in humans
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| division of nucleus reltuing in 2 new nuclei, each with same number of chromosomes as original cell |
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| division of nucleus resulting in 4 new nuclei, each with half number of chromosomes as the original cell. New cells called gametes (haploid reproductive cells) |
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Term
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the time between cell divisions
Three phases:
- G1: grow and mature
- S: synthesis, DNA is copied
- G2: gap between DNA synethesis and cell division.
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Definition
| two short pieces of microtubules, together in cytoplasm. Only in animals cells. Organizes the spindle fibers. |
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| microtubule fibers radiating out from centrioles during cell division, assist in movement of chromosomes |
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Definition
- DNA coils and shortens into rode shaped chromosomes
- Nuclear membrane breaks down & disappears
- Centromeres to opposite poles
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Definition
- Easiest to see chromosomes
- Spindle fibers attach to centromere, move chromosomes to middle of cell
- Chromosomes lined up at midline
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Term
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Definition
- Chromatids of each separate
- Sister chromatids move away to opposite poles
- Pulled by spindle fibers at centromeres
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Definition
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles
- Spindle fibers disappear
- Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin
- Nuclear membrane forms
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Definition
| production of sperm cells |
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| 3 small cells made in oogenesis (don't survive) |
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Definition
production of offspring with genetic information from two parents ocrruing through:
- meiosis
- union of 2 gametes
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| field of Biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring |
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Definition
| transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring |
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| gentically determined variant of characteristics |
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Definition
| pollen grains from anther transfer to stigma |
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Definition
| pollination within a single flower, or flowers of a single plant |
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Definition
| pollination between flowers of different plants (same species) |
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| plants that always produce offspring with the same trait as themselves when self-pollinate |
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Definition
| trait or allele that is fully expressed even when carried by only 1 chromosome of homolgous pair |
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| trait or allele that is expressed only when two alleles from the same trait are inherited (one on each homologous chromosome) |
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Definition
| segment of DNA that contains the genetic instructions for a single |
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| one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic |
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organism's genetic make-up
Tall: TT or Tt
Short: tt |
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Definition
| an organism's appearance or trait |
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when both alleles of a pair are alike
TT or tt |
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Definition
when the 2 alleles of a pair are different
Tt |
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| genetic cross in which only one characteristic is tracked |
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| tool used to predict results of genetic cross |
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| gentic relationship which one allele is completley dominant over another. Heterozygous gives the same phenotype as homozygous dominant. |
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| crossing of an individual of unknown genotype, with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
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| phenotype of heterozygous is in between 2 homozygous phenotypes |
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| both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
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| process by which DNA is copied before cell division (so new cells get full DNA) |
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| enzyme that separates the DNA strand |
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| y-shaped region that results when two strands separate |
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| enzyme that adds complemetary nucleotides to math original strand of DNA |
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| Semi-conservative replication |
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Definition
idea that in each new DNA double helix
one strand is from original
other strand is new |
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Definition
| change (mistake) in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Definition
| RNA molecule that encodes the instructions from a gene to make a protein. Sequence complementary to DNA sequence of one gene |
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Definition
| process by which genetic instructions of a specifice gene are "rewritten" into a molecule of RNA, in nucleus |
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| making of protein based on information from DNA which has been transcribed into RNA |
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Definition
| enzyme that both unwinds DNA and bonds new nudleotides |
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Definition
| specific sequence of DNA near the beinning of gene, where RNA polymerase bind to begin transcription |
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Definition
| specific sequence in DNA marking end of gene. "STOP SIGNAL" |
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Definition
sequence of 3 nucleotides in RNA that codes for an amino acid
start codon: AUG always the first codon of RNA, codes for methionine |
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