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| Four subfields of anthropology |
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Definition
1.Sociocultural
2.Biological
3.Linguistic
4.Archeological |
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| The study of all people in all times through fieldwork in biological and cultural diversity; it is a holistic and comparative discipline with broad geographic and historic scope. |
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| Justification for slavery and colonialism; indigenous populations were seem as biologically inferior certain “superior” ethnicities, aka those in power. |
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| The study of a moment in time (short term) |
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| The study of a period of time (long term) |
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| Idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result. |
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| The tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards – jingoism. |
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| Idea that particular traits are universal to all cultures, such as language (Noam Chomsky). |
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| The shock associated with being placed in a different culture because of differences in language, customs, mores, religious practices, etc. |
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| Cross-Cultural Perspectives |
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| Perspectives that take into account various cultures, rather than looking at a situation or idea through the lens of one culture. |
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| Being aware of two cultures; people of mixed ethnic backgrounds, exchange students, host families, etc. have dual cultural awareness because of their contact with more than one culture. This can also apply to family culture vs. school or work culture. |
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| Field work in a particular culture (think ethnographic readings). |
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| Cross-cultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data, society, and culture. |
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| An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. |
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| Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation. |
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| Bali, Green Revolution and Cock Fighting |
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Definition
•Clifford Geertz
•Studied symbolic culture – webs of meaning; the “innate desire of humans to make sense our of experience, to give it form and order.”
•“Thick Description” – ethnographies based heavily on the senses
•How to write an ethnography
•People in Bali ignored Geertz - “Away”
•Dutch colonized Bali and banned cockfights, Balinese government continued ban to look more western
•Following a near arrest at a cockfight in which Geertz ran with the Balinese people he gained access to them - he stuck with them instead of bailing out when he could have
•Idea of “deep play” – Jeremy Bentham
-High risk activity = prestige
-Irrational behavior
-Outlet for energy in a mild and polite society |
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•Marine Protected Areas
•University of Arizona
•Richard Stoffle & Dr. Ruuska
•Large coastlines – 700 islands
•Lots of illegal activities in this difficult to monitor area: drugs, fishing
•Locals weren’t the issue with the depleted fish populations; illegal foreign fishers were
•They were willing to create MPAS in some areas to help save the fish and future generations - their agreement was necessary for the project to work
•Locals had vast knowledge about their natural environment because it was their livelihood |
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•Henry Dobyns
•Cornell
•Haciendas turned into a farming coop
•At first productivity and moral greatly increased (for about the first year or so)
•The farmers recreated the hacienda hierarchy system quite quickly
•Dobyns was surprised - he forgot to account for human nature |
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| Cambridge Torres Straits Expedition |
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Definition
•Interdisciplinary team of anthropologists
•Haddon, Rivers, and Scligman
•Psychology, anthropology, linguistic, and tactile relations, IQ tests
•Methods for ethnographies
•Broke away from “armchair anthropology” |
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| Jessup North Pacific Expedition 1897-1902 |
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Definition
•Franz Boas
•NW Coast of Alaska – Irut Native Americans
•Fieldwork methods were defined during this expedition |
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| Any adaptations or changes that are harmful to the survival of a culture; cars are possibly maladaptive because their exhaust is destroying the ozone layer. |
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| Adaptation, Variation and Change |
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*Biological -> Long term - barrel chests of Andeans or dark skin of Africans; Short term – smaller skull sizes in Europeans during famine
*Cultural - Agriculture, sunscreen, umbrellas, winter coats
*Will the culture survive?
*Will the people reproduce?
*Short term vs. long term adaptations |
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| Unilineal cultural evolutionary theory; savagery, barbarism, civilization. |
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| Fire, pottery, bow & arrow, egalitarian, no matrimony, hoard society, oral records |
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| Domesticated animals, agriculture, metal working, communal property, patrolineal society, polygamy |
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| Writing, industrialism, individual property, monogamy, state societies |
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| Colonialist idea of doing anthropology, where one sat at home and read accounts by others to judge indigenous cultures. |
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•Knowledge and power (always connected)
•French philosopher
•Wrote “Madness & Civilization” |
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| The physical objects of a culture, like pottery, tools, etc. |
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| The study of cultures in the past. |
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| The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. |
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| The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either or both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distinct. |
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| Social status (e.g., race or gender) that people have little or no choice about occupying. |
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| Social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, and accomplishments, rather than ascription. |
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| The study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology. |
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| Black English Vernacular (BEV) |
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| A rule-governed dialect of American English with roots in Southern English. BEV is spoken by African-American youth and by many adults in their casual, intimate speech. |
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| Systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. Tied to environmental stimuli (cannot: produce without stimuli, or make two calls simultaneously). |
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| Nations; large and populous, with social stratification and central governments. |
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| The rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence. |
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| Rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of or one's ancestry. |
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| A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society. |
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| The branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development. |
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| The offspring of an area who have spread to many lands. |
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| Borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries. |
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| A scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. |
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| A basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present. |
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| The research strategy that focuses on local explanations and criteria of significance. |
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| The research strategy that emphasizes the ethnographer's rather than the locals' explanations,categories, and criteria of significance. |
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| Unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health-care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups. |
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| A condition of poor health perceived by or felt by an individual |
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| The position that values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological rather than moral relativism: In order to understand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand its members’ beliefs and motivations. Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action. |
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| The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation. |
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| Potentially hostile exchanges among strangers (stealing horses, and then having them stolen back – they can expect to have the favor returned). |
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| When someone gives to another person and expects nothing concrete or immediate in return (ex. Christmas presents). Midpoint in reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative. |
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| Exchanges among closely related individuals; generally within foraging societies (no personal property, no way of saying “thank you” because everything is shared). |
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| Principle governing exchanges among social equals, who are normally related by kinship, marriage, or another close personal tie. Dominant among foragers because it is common among more egalitarian societies. |
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| Buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand (industrial nations). |
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| Flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms. |
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| Means of making a living; productive system. |
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| Study of a language’s phonemics and phonetics; speech sounds and sound contrasts. |
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| (Linguistic) Study of morphemes and word construction. |
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| Smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning (“ch” and “sh” for Bim). |
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| Study of speech sounds; what people actually say or pronounce. |
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| Study of sound contrasts (phonemes) in a language. |
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•“The Cry”
•Burn their important physical possessions, danced for hours and hours
•80%-90% population died in epidemics
•Railroads – new populations, less territory, diseases, etc.
•Boarding Schools – 1890s, forced children into schools to assimilate them, thought that they were helping the kids, children became informational conduits for their parents,
•Pan-Indian responds to balance – different groups worked together
•Resistance and appropriation (using English and railroads to their advantage) |
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| Procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols (family trees). |
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Pierre Bourdieu-
•“cultural capital”
•How we impress one another
•Intangible/non-material(Education, Language, Marriage, Talent, etc.). |
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•Symbology/culturology (study culture scientifically)
•“Culture originated when our ancestors acquired the ability to use symbols.”
•Interested in technology as a measure of culture
•Energy a culture consumes to perpetuate its technologies -> indicates level of how advanced it is
•Criticized for oversimplifying things |
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•Sapir-Wharf theory
•Studied languages
•Our language shapes our thoughs
•Loss of language = loss of thoughts
•Language loss and culture loss one and the same |
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•“Salvage anthropology”
•Student of Boas
•Configurationalism – View of culture as integrated and patterned.
•Samoa – studied female adolescents
•Wrote Coming of Age in Samoa and Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies
•More interested in describing how cultures were uniquely patterned than in explaining how they got to be that way. |
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