Term
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Definition
| smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer |
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Term
| activation-synthesis theory of dreams |
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Definition
| dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively |
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Definition
| problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works |
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Definition
| regular, slow rhythm and a high amplitude when you first close your eyes (stage 1) |
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Term
| altered states of consciousness |
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Definition
| use of psychoactive drugs |
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Definition
| different sensory modalities (vision/hearing) exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain |
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Definition
| tendency to think that human beings have nothing in common with other animals |
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Definition
| tendency to falsely attribute human qualitites to nonhuman beings |
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Definition
| sense of hearing that provides a vital link with the world around us |
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Definition
| carries the hair cells' signals to the brain |
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Definition
| tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples of instances |
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Definition
| when people try to avoid or minimize risks and losses when they make decisions |
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Definition
| where the hair cells are embedded, stretches across the interior of the cochlea |
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Definition
| visual cues to depth of distance requiring two eyes |
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Definition
| periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications |
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Definition
| lightness or luminance, dimension of cisual experience realted to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object |
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Definition
| biological rhythm with a period of about 24 hours |
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Definition
| small-shaped, fluid-filled organ in the inner ear, containing the organ of Caorti, where the receptors for hearing are located |
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Term
| cognitive approaches to intelligience |
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Definition
| assumes there are many kinds of intelligence and emphasizes the strategies people use when thinking about a problem and arriving at a solution |
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Definition
| state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneuosly holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior |
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Definition
| study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals |
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Term
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Definition
| integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world |
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Term
| cognitivie approach to dreams |
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Definition
| emphasizes current concerns, but it makes no claims about problem solving during sleep |
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Term
| componential intelligience |
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Definition
| refers to the info-processing strategies you use when you are thinking intelligently about a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions or qualities having common properties |
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Definition
| the awareness of oneself and the environment |
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Definition
| tendency to look or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the practical application of intelligence, which requires you to take into account the different contexts in which you find yourself |
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Definition
| turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object |
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Term
| convergent versus divergent thinking |
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Definition
| convergent follows a particular set of steps that they think will converge on one correct solution where divergent tries side alleys and new ways and generate several possible solutions |
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Definition
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Definition
| process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim lights |
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Definition
| form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true |
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Definition
| very slow waves with very high peaks (stage 3) |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared with a view to detemining the best solution or to secalving differences |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared |
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Term
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Definition
| split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of others |
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Term
| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Definition
| principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others |
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Term
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Definition
| generated from within rather than by external cues |
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Definition
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Term
| experiential intelligience |
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Definition
| refers to your creativity in transferring skills to new situations |
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Term
| extrasensory perception (ESP) |
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Definition
| communication through one's mind to another |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize faces even if they can't recognize other objects |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scoresl clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait, ability, or aptitude |
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Term
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Definition
| certain circumstances where we do not try to avoid loss altogether |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in visual cortes that are sensitive to specific features of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| people always organize the visual field (figure stands out from the rest of the environment) |
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Term
| formal reasoning problems |
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Definition
| info needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly, and there is a single right answer |
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Term
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Definition
| how rapidly the medium vibrates |
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Term
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Definition
| rely on the fact that sensory receptors and neurons fire only in the presence of specific sorts of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| general ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather info from receptor cells; axioms make up the optic nerve |
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Term
| gate-control theory of pain |
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Definition
| experience of pain depends in part on whether pain impulses get past a neurolgical gate in the spinal cord and thus reach the braing |
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Term
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Definition
| describe the brain's organization of sensory info into meaningful units and patterns |
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Definition
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Definition
| receptor cells that play the same role in hearing as the retina do in vision |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group |
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Term
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Definition
| rule of thumb that suggests a course of action of guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution |
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Definition
| watching but not participating |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of visual experience specified by color names and realted to the wavelength of light |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure in which the practitioner suggests cahnges in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of subject |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it |
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Term
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Definition
| the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false |
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Term
| informal reasoning problems |
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Definition
| there often is no clearly correct solution |
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Term
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Definition
| inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment |
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Term
| intelligience quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| measure of intelligence now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests |
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Term
| internal desynchronization |
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Definition
| state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with on another |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; common form of dissonance reduction |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of body position and movement of body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a pressure wave |
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Term
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Definition
| dreamer is aware of dreaming |
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Term
| manifest versus latent content of dreams |
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Definition
| aspects of what we we concsiously experience during sleep and may remember upon awakening vs. unconscious wishes and thoughts being exspressed symbolically |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that falls outside of the four classifications (tetrahydrocannabinal (THC) |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted by the pineal gland that is involved in the regulation of daily biological rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it representsl mental images can occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
| mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the present context |
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Term
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Definition
| visual cues to depth or distance that can be used by one eye alone |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| after staring at a particular hue, one sees something different (stare at green and see red after) |
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Term
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Definition
| mental processes occuring outside of and not available to conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| fewer eye movements in a cycle that recurs about every 90 mins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria |
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Definition
| theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic |
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Term
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Definition
| carries information out through the back of the eye and on to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that seve as the receptors for hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| knoblike elecations on the tongue. Containing the taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| study of purported psychic phenomena such as ESP and mental telepathy |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory info |
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Term
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Definition
| accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite chanes in the sensory patterns they produce |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| habitual way of perceiving, based on expectation |
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Term
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Definition
| experience of pain in missing limb or other body part |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave; related to height or depth of a tone |
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Term
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Definition
| vague cluster of physical and emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision |
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Term
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Definition
| where people assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can be obtained directly through senses or authorities |
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Term
| problem-focused approach to dreams |
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Definition
| symbols and metaphors in a dream do not disguise its true meaning; they convey it |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea |
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Term
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Definition
| especially representative example of a concept |
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Term
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Definition
| concsious-altering drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt the normal perception of time and space |
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Term
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Definition
| drug capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior |
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Term
| psychoanalytical theory of dreams |
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Definition
| in dreams we are able to express our unconscious wishes and desires, which are often sexual or violent in nature |
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Term
| psychometric approach to intelligience |
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Definition
| focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests, which are designed to measure the ability to acquire skills or knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| people recognize that some things cannot be known with absolute certainty, and they realize that judgments should be supported by reasons, yet they pay attention only to evidence that fits what they already believe |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions |
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Term
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Definition
| different stages where people make different assumptions about how things are known and use different ways of justifying or defending their beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| where people are willing to consider evidence from a cariety of sources and to reason dialectically |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep periods characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball's interior, which contains the receptors for vision |
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Term
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Definition
| slight difference in lateral seperation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye |
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Term
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Definition
| visual receptors that respond to dim light/ color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| vividness or purity of color; dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves |
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing of attention on selected aspects of the encironment and the blocking out of others |
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Term
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Definition
| sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of physical energy emitted of reflected by physical objects |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment of the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerce impulses to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness that occurs when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp |
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Term
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Definition
| occasional short bursts of rapid, high peaking waves (stage 2) |
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Term
| sociocognitive explanation of hypnosis |
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Definition
| the effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist (socio) and the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject (cognitive) |
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Term
| Stanford-Binet Intelligience Scale |
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Definition
| the older the test taker is, the more the test requires in the way of verbal comprehension and fluency, spatial ability, and reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accesible to consciousness when necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| ads that will supposedly help you raise your self-esteem |
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Term
| suprachiastic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| rare condition in which stimulation of one sense also evkes a sensation in another |
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Term
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Definition
| strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred |
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Term
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Definition
| nests of taste-receptor celss |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking you are drunk when you really have had a non-alcoholic drink |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishing quality of a sound; dimension of auditory experience related to the compexity of the pressure wave |
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Term
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Definition
| increased resistance to a drug's effect accompanying continued use |
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Term
| triarchic theory of intelligience |
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Definition
| emphasizes info-processing strategies, the ability to transfer skills to new situations, and the practical application of intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| color preception that proposed three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue |
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Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligience Scale |
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Definition
| IQ tests for adults (verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed) |
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Term
| Wechsler Intelligience Scale for Children |
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Definition
| IQ tests for children (verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical and psychological symptoms that occur when someone addicted to a drug stops taking it |
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