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Mid-Term Exam
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79
Economics
12th Grade
12/15/2010

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Term
capital
Definition
any human resource that is used to create other goods and services
Term
shortage
Definition
a situation in which a good or a service is unavailable
Term
factors of production
Definition
land labour and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services
Term
thinking at the margin
Definition
deciding weather to do or to use one additional unit of some resource
Term
efficiency
Definition
using resources in such a way as to max. the production od the goods and services
Term
law of increasing costs
Definition
shifts factors of production from one good to another...the cost of making the second good increases
Term
oppertunity costs
Definition
the most desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision
Term
trade offs
Definition
an alternative that we sacrifice when we make a decision
Term
guns/butter
Definition

refers to trade offs

more or less military or consumer goods

Term
scarcity and shortage
Definition

scarcity does NOT = shortage

shortage- will not or can not offer goods/service

scarcity- ALWAYS exists cause of needs and wants

Term
resources and technology
Definition

resources improve technology and and inprovement in technology lead to decreaded necessity for people

 

as tech. improves work hours decrease

Term
human capital
Definition
the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through eduacation and experience
Term
physical capital
Definition

all human made goods that are used to produce other goods and services

ex:tools and buildings

Term
productions possibility curve
Definition
a graph that shows an alternative ways to use an economies resources
Term
underutilization
Definition
using fewer resources than an economy is capable of using
Term
centrally planned economy
Definition
central gov't makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services
Term
competition
Definition
the struggle among producers for the dollars of consumers
Term
specialization
Definition
the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of
Term
product market
Definition
households purchase the goods and services that firms purchase
Term
incentive
Definition
an expectation that encourages people to behave in a certain way
Term
economic system
Definition
the method used by a societyto produce and distribute goods and services
Term
mixed economy
Definition
market-based economic system with limited government involvement
Term
market economy
Definition
economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange markets
Term
communism
Definition
a political system charactrerized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government
Term
socialism
Definition
a social and political philosophy based on the belief that democratic means should be used to evenly distribute wealth throughout society
Term
collectives
Definition
large farm leased from the state to groups of peasent farmers
Term
public intreast
Definition
the concerns of the public as a whole
Term
externality
Definition
 an economic side effect of a good or a service that generates benefits or costs to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume
Term
welfare
Definition
govenrment aid to the poor
Term
free enterprise
Definition
an economic system characterized by private or corporateownership of capital goods (free market)
Term
technology
Definition
the process used to produce a good or service
Term
public goods
Definition
a shared good or service for which it would be impracitical to make consumers pay individually and to exclude nonpayers
Term
free rider
Definition
 someone who would not pay but get the benefits anyways
Term
law of demand
Definition
consumers buy more of a good when its price decreases and less when its price increases
Term
inferior good
Definition
 a good that consumers demand less of when their incomes inrease
Term
total revenue
Definition
the total amount of money a firm receives by selling goods and services
Term
ceteris paribus
Definition
a latin phrase that means "all other things held constant"
Term
inelastic
Definition
describes demand that is very sensitive to a change in price
Term
elasticity of demand
Definition
a measure of how consumers react to a change in price
Term
demand curve
Definition
a graphic representation of a demand schedual
Term
demand schedule
Definition
a table that lists the quanity of a good a person will buy at each different price
Term
operating cost
Definition
the cost of operating a facility, such as a store or factory
Term
subsidy
Definition
a government payment that supports a business or market
Term
fixed cost
Definition
a cost that does not change no matter how much of a good is produced
Term
elasticity of supply
Definition
a measure of the way quantity supplied reacts to change in price
Term
marginal cost
Definition
the cost of producing one more unit of a good
Term
variable cost
Definition
a cost that rises or falls depending on how much is produced
Term
supply curve
Definition
a graph of the quantity supplied of a good at different prices
Term
minimum wage
Definition
a minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for an hour of labour
Term
equilibrium
Definition
the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal
Term
shortage
Definition
situation in whcih quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied; aka excess demand
Term
rationing
Definition
a system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than prices
Term
black market
Definition
a market in which goods are sold illegally
Term
rent control 
Definition
a price ceiling placed on rent
Term
price ceiling
Definition
a max. price that can be legally charged for a good or a service
Term
disequilibrium
Definition
describes any price or quantity not at equilibrium; when quantity supplied isnot equal to quantity demamnded in a market
Term
supply shock
Definition
sudden shortage of a good
Term
government monoploy
Definition

a monopoly created by the government

obvss

Term
price discrimination
Definition
division of customers into groups based on how much they will pay for a good
Term
monopolistic competition
Definition
a market structure in whcih many companies sell products that are similiar but not identical
Term
nonprice competition
Definition
a way to attract customers through style, service, or location, but noit a lower price
Term
cartel
Definition

a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production

(Gangssss)

Term
perfect competition
Definition
market structure in which a large numebr of firms all produce the same product
Term
commodity
Definition
a product that is ALWAYS  the same no matter who produces it
Term
oligopoly
Definition
a market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market
Term
antitrust (laws)
Definition
laws that encourage comepetitoon int he market place
Term
natural monopoly
Definition
a market that runs most efficiently when oen large firm supplies all the output
Term
economies of scale
Definition
avg. cost per unit to falll
Term
sole proprietorship
Definition
a business owned and managed by a single individual
Term
corporation
Definition
a legal entity owned by individual stockholders
Term
fringe benefits
Definition
payment other than wages or salaries
Term
assets
Definition
money and other valuables belonging to an individual or business
Term
corporate combinations
Definition
mergers
Term
labor force
Definition
all nonmilitary people who are employeed or unemployed
Term
stock
Definition
certificate of ownership in a corporation
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