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One of the FIRST LARGE NEOLITHIC
settlements. |
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| (9500BC – different times in different regions) North American term for Mesolithic. Middle Stone-age hunter/gatherers developed adaptation to the world. Cultural variation increased. |
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| Some circumstances that make you work a little harder for a more food payoff. |
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| Intentional or unintentional biological processes of changes in the genotypes and physical characteristics of plants and animals, making them dependent on humans for reproductive success. |
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| Large amount of people, more resources are needed. |
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| The theory that domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals at oases during the desiccation of Southwest Asia at the end of the Pleistocene. |
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| If there is a lot of search time, it only makes sense to go after what will provide a large return, and vice versa. |
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| An upland zone in Southwest Asia that runs from the Levant to the Zagros Mountains. |
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| How many people can be supported in a particular area with particular technology. |
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| A leader. Always mostly an achieved status. Rarely have power. Lead by persuasion. |
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Artificial mound characteristics of Southwest Asian settlement sites, created by the accumulation of centuries of disintegrated mud-brick walls and domestic debris.
OR an archaeological site where people live over and over so material builds up and makes a hill. |
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| A complex trade network involving goods and information that connected distinct local populations in the midwestern United States from approximately 100 b.c. to approximately a.d. 400. |
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| Gift giving. Equal in exchange. |
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| The flat plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in southern Iraq where the world’s first civilization developed. |
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small group of 25-60 individuals related through marriage or family ties; typically mobile hunter-gatherer groups.
OR small social group. Equal social status. |
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a society of high population and complexity, in which centralized and institutionalized control overrides kinship ties, and in which wealth and rank hierarchies are protected and fostered.
OR really big and complex. Full time occupational specialist. Have armies. Have government. |
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| Distribution of people stress. |
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| Middle Stone-age hunter/gatherers developed adaptation to the world. Cultural variation increased. |
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| A term that refers to societies lacking clearly defined status differences between individuals, except for those due to sex, age, or skill. |
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| (12,000 – 9600BC) they were in the height of the glacial period, Houses are round. Burials (cemetery), preferred food is gazelle. Transition from simple hunter-gatherer to complex hunter-gatherer. |
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| the foothills of mountains surrounding the fertile plain of the Fertile Crescant. |
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| intentional propagation. Isolation from wild relatives. Establishing ecosystem. |
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| something that tells you about natural environment. |
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a concentration of cultural debris; in places where fishing is a primary subsistence strategy, they are often made up primarily shell.
OR an archeological deposit. |
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| Mobile. Gathers food and eats it. |
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| wild ancestor of domesticated corn. |
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| The collective name applied to the societies that inhabited portions of the eastern United States from approximately a.d. 700 to approximately a.d. 1600. Mississippian peoples practiced an agricultural way of life, constructed earthen platform mounds, and shared certain basic cultural conventions. |
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| Gift giving. Not equal in exchange. |
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| The region consisting of central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and the western parts of Honduras and Nicaragua that was the focus of complex, hierarchical states at the time of Spanish contact. |
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group of a few hundred to a few thousand individuals, commonly settled farmers or pastoralist herders, usually descended from a common ancestor; loosely organized without central control or strongly developed hierarchy.
OR larger social group. Some degree of ranking. Many more roles. Leaders in tribes tend to not have power, lead by persuasion. |
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| The period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery; the New Stone Age. |
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| (small) equal status. Tend to share everything. Highly mobile. Little/no private property. |
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| The period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery; the New Stone Age. |
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| Continuum hunter, gatherer, and store food. Own property. Hierarchy. Different in status. Some start to have more power than others. |
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the intentional preparation of fields, and sowing, harvesting, and storing of crops, requiring significant and deliberate changes in technology, subsistence, and perspectives.
OR intentionally preparing a field to plant food. To care, harvest, and store them. |
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| there are lots of shells. (Also a lot of bones) |
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| sedentary. Gathers abundant resources and preserves them to consume later. |
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| Always mostly inherited. Have some degree of power. |
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| A burial mound complex that developed in the Ohio River Valley toward the end of the last millennium b.c. |
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| where trade is done. Using marker of arbitrary value, or money. |
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| A mountainous region paralleling the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including parts of the countries of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. |
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a society of several thousand individuals organized on institutional lines of hierarchical lineages ruled over by a chief.
OR always mostly inherited. Have some degree in power. |
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| List the 4 variables we focused on while tracing the development of agriculture and food production. |
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Definition
Human Population
Climate Environmental Changes
Intensification |
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| Briefly compare hunting and gathering with farming lifestyles. |
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Definition
H&G-Nomadic and lives off animals and wild plants
Farming-Sedentary and has own food production. |
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| Briefly compare simple hunting and gathering (forager) with complex hunting and gathering (collecting). |
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Simple H&G-Gathers food and eats on spot.
Complex H&G-Gathers food and eats as a group. Also storing food for later uses. |
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| Why is food production important in increasing cultural complexity? |
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| Because population would grow needing more food to support one another to live. |
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| Was farming the worst mistake humans ever made? |
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| Depends on your view upon it. Farming COULD be a bad but also a good action made. |
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