Term
| What does GRAS stand for? |
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Definition
| Generally Recognized as Safe |
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Term
| What is the AAFCO definition for alfalfa meal? |
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Definition
| aerial portion of alfalfa plant, reasonably free from other plants & mould, sun cured & finely ground |
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Term
True or False
Animal digest can include hair, horns, feathers etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is animal digest obtained? |
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Definition
| chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean, un-decomposed animal tissue |
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Term
| What should a label say if an antioxidant is used in a feed containing animal fat? |
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Definition
| ____ used as a preservative |
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Term
| What portions of the cow can be used if 'beef (meat)' is a desired ingredient |
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Definition
| striate skeletal muscle, tongue, diaphragm, heat, eosophagus with or without accompanying fat, tendons, blood vessels etc |
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Term
| What is the 'value chain' for animal products & co-products? |
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Definition
1. Human food
2. Pharmaceuticals & fine chemistry
3. Pet food
4. Livestock feeds
5. Industrial uses
6. Fertilizers
7. Fuels |
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Term
| What are some of the raw materials used in rendering? |
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Definition
offal
bones & fat
blood
deadstock (on arrival, in transit or on farms)
restaurant grease
feathers
recalled meat |
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Term
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Definition
Specific Risk Materials
-skull, brain, eyes, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia in cattle 30 months or older
-cannot be used in food because BSE prions are likely to gather in these regions |
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Term
| What are some examples of finished rendering products? |
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Definition
Hydrolyzed Feather Meal
Low Ash Poultry Protein Meal
Pet Food Grade Poultry Protien Meal
Stabilized Pet Food Poultry Fat
Stabilized Poultry Fat |
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Term
True or False
Chicken by-product meal can contain feathers |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some parts of the carcass included in chicken by-product meal? |
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Definition
necks
feet
intestines
undeveloped eggs |
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Term
True or False
Rumen contents, hoof, horn & hide can be included in meat & bone meal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| steam cooking & drying meat and food byproducts that would otherwise be unusable, at temperatures which kill disease-causing bacteria & viruses |
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Term
| What are the steps involved in rendering? |
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Definition
1. Assemble raw materials
2. Sizing (weight)
3. Heat processing
4. Press to remove fat
5. Analyze protein
6. Grind product
6. Storage or ship out |
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Term
| At what temperature should rendering take place, and for how long? |
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Definition
115-145 celsius
40-90 minutes |
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Term
| What are some of the organisms important to human health, destroyed by rendering? |
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Definition
foot & mouth disease
pseudorabies virus
avian influenza |
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Term
| What process is typically used for rendering feather meal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of using animal digests in pet food? |
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Definition
| they are concentrated natural flavors, can add flavoring to a food using only a small amount. can produced a flavored food without actually needing that ingredient |
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Term
| How does a flash dryer work? |
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Definition
hot gas moving at a high velocity draws wet feed upwards
feed dries, gas cools, they are separated at the top of the column |
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Term
| How does a spray drier work? |
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Definition
liquid feed is atomized, sprayed into a stream of hot gas
water evaporates, solid residue is left behind |
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Term
| What are meat by-products? |
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Definition
non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, produced from slaughtered animals
e.g. kidneys, liver, spleen, brain lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically deboned meat |
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Term
| How is mechanically separated/deboned meat produced? |
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Definition
| grinding/pureeing meat then forcing it at high pressure through a fine sieve to remove bone |
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Term
| What are the 'pros' of converting a byproduct into meal? |
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Definition
Stable & sanitary
High yield
Easy to store & ship
Versatile (widely used in feed industry) |
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Term
| What are the pros of converting a byproduct into deboned/separated meat? |
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Definition
High functionality of protein
High palatability
High protein, low ash
Better consumer perception/marketing |
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Term
True or False
MSM / MDM has higher digestibility than meat meal |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cons of converting a byproduct into meal? |
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Definition
Loss of protein functionality
Less palatable
Lower protein, higher mineral level
Poor consumer perception |
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Term
| What are the cons of converting a byproduct into deboned/separated meat? |
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Definition
High cost to ship & store
Need special processing equipment
High degree of bacterial contamination
Lower yield (more expensive!) |
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Term
| What feed ingredient is most widely produced worldwide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Distiller's Dried Grains and Solubles
-byproducts from alcohol & ethanol industries
-corn, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat |
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Term
| What are some additives used during fermentation in the production of DDGS |
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Definition
| antimicrobial agents, enzymes, yeast, chemicals |
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