Term
| the study of microorganisms (usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye) and their activities |
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Definition
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Term
| Study of various taxonomic groups |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria: Bacteriology (includes eubacteria & archaebacteria)
Viruses*: Virology
Also Viroids and Prions*
* acellular and usually discussed together
Algae: Phycology
Protozoa: Protozoology
Fungi: Mycology
Molds and Yeasts |
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Term
Form, structure, reproduction, biochemistry, identification, distribution and role in nature, relationships to each other and other living things, including both which 2 kinds of factors? ...
(& use tools for production of products) |
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Definition
1- beneficial &
2- detrimental
(genetic enineering) |
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Term
| Practical Aspects of Microbiology: |
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Definition
| Practical aspects recognized from the beginning and now identified by the various practical subdisciplines within microbiology. |
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Term
| one of earliest: applied emphasis |
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Definition
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Term
| host-parasite interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| infectious diseases of animals |
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Definition
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Term
| study of causes and transmission of diseases through population(s) (CDC most important) |
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Definition
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Term
| host resistance to disease: also subdiscipline |
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Definition
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Term
| viruses as agents of disease |
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Definition
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Term
major causes of death over 100 years ago
Top 3 caused by? |
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Definition
| Infectious disease; microbes |
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Term
| _______ causes predominate |
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Definition
non microbial;
Top 7 nonmicrobial |
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Term
Still, ______ can be a threat to survival even in developed countries.
In developing countries, ______ diseases still are a major cause |
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Definition
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Term
| 1918-1919: more Americans died than were killed in WWI, WWII, Korean, and Vietnam Wars (Spanish Flu). |
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Definition
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Term
| one of greatest killers. 10 million people killed in history. Brought to New World by Spanish. Aztecs susceptible. Vaccination: No new cases since 1977. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1/3 pop. of Europe (25 mil) died during one epidemic (1346-50). Antibiotics have now controlled. Lines on ships to dock? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pieter Brueghel the Elder |
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Definition
| The Triumph of Death; Flemish painter |
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Term
| Newly Emerging Diseases- Additional Threat |
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Definition
Legionnaires’ Disease
Lyme Disease
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV)
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: film on this later
Mad Cow Disease: prions
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Bird Flu, Swine Flu, H1NI, e. t. c.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Few of the above are really new, but an increased incidence & wider distribution (globalization) have brought them to our attention. |
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Term
Old definition: study of fermentation processes (alcohol and production of beer and wine)
New definition: conversion of raw materials into desirable end products by selected microorganisms (large scale) & includes:
Primary metabolites & Secondary metabolites |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary metabolites vs Secondary metabolites |
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Definition
Primary metabolites: production of products necessary for microbial growth like amino acids, organic acids, alcohol, certain enzymes, etc
Secondary metabolites: production of products by the microorganisms not necessary for its growth; like antibiotics, steroids, ethanol,etc |
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Term
| Products now made using the new genetic engineering techniques to produce products cheaply. |
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Definition
Ex. Human Insulin
Led to new subdiscipline: Biotechnology |
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Term
prevention of food spoilage: ex: cold temperatures, canning, freeze drying, heat (pasteurization), preservatives, radiation, etc.
Prevention of food borne disease from microbes
Not all harmful, as some dairy products depend on microbial transformations. |
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Definition
| food & dairy microbiology |
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Term
| Examples: nitrogen fixing legumes (bacteria in root nodules convert N2 to NH3 that plants use for growth); bacteria in rumen of cows digest cellulose; microbial diseases of crops and animals (mad cow disease); use of biological pesticides, mycotoxins (peanut butter), etc |
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Definition
| Agricultural/Soil Microbiology |
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Term
| water and waste, water treatment, solid organic wastes |
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Definition
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Term
| Microbial activities in water (overlap with Sanitary) |
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Definition
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Term
Basic studies of microorganisms led to advances in knowledge that had major impact on our lives
Early impact on medicine, food & beverages, industrial products
But, the most important impact was the use of microorganisms as _____ ______ which led to increased knowledge about cells including:
Genetics, metabolism: i.e. provided the model to develop an understanding of life processes, not only in microbes, but also in plants, animals and humans.
This knowledge impacted our ability to control infectious diseases and through basic studies on how genes control cells, scientists could also begin to understand how genetic diseases or “inborn errors of metabolism” occurred. |
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Definition
Early impact on medicine, food & beverages, industrial products.
MODEL SYSTEMS |
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Term
Basic Science Subdisciplines
Basic Emphasis: |
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Definition
Microbial Systematics
Microbial Ecology:
Microbial Physiology
Cytology
Bacterial Genetics
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology |
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Term
| advances in this field gave rise to the era of molecular biology and biotechnology |
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Definition
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Term
| today microbial sciences have evolved into : |
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Definition
| molecular microbiology ---> biotechnology, genomics, proteomics. |
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Term
| Focus of Microbiology Revolves Around Two Broad Themes |
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Definition
Understanding Basic Life Processes
All cells have much in common: microbes good simple model to study
Applying Our Knowledge About Microorganisms for the Benefit of humankind
Solving practical problems in medicine, agriculture, and industry
Good example of this follows: 30 years ago |
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Term
1000’s of buyers rushed to purchase stock in a new, obscure company that decided to go public. Price/share increased 150% in a matter of minutes
Not an oil company locating a new reserve
Only 140 employees
No track record
Highly Speculative
Why were so many people excited about this company? |
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Definition
1980: Wall Street
Genentech, Inc
Genetic engineering technology |
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Term
| Genetech Inc. definition: |
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Definition
Apply gene technology or recombinant DNA technology to development of products:
By transferring defined genes into rapidly growing microorganisms, it is now possible to synthesize in an in vivo system thousands of products useful to humanity
Ex: Vaccines - recombivax HB, human insulin, antiviral agents - interferon, hormones - HGH (human growth hormone) - Somatostatin |
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Term
the use of living organisms to degrade pollutants in the environment
Examples? |
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Definition
Bioremediation
the use of living organisms to degrade pollutants in the environment
Bacteria being used to degrade oil in oil spills
Bacteria used to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls and trichloroethylene used in dry cleaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell is fundamental unit of life |
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Term
| Invariant vs Variant structures |
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Definition
Invariant structures (all cells have this): cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, RNA
Variant structures: cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplast, e. t. c. |
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Term
| Characteristics of microbial cellular life: 1.3 Properties of All Cells: |
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Definition
Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the cell.
Reproduction: also, regeneration: repair and replacement
Evolution: Characteristics of cells change over time: Evolve (natural selection acting on variations caused by mutation) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Some Cells |
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Definition
Differentiation: confusing; also used to describe how cell divisions in multi-cellular lead to specialization of function
Communication: cells respond to chemical signals
Movement: not all do so |
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Term
| defines compartment that makes up the Cell (invariant structure): not closed system; semipermeable |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells can be viewed in two ways: |
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Definition
Chemical machines (Catalytic Functions) &
Coding devices (Genetic Functions) |
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Term
Differentiate between Chemical machines (Catalytic Functions) &
Coding devices (Genetic Functions) |
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Definition
Chemical machines (Catalytic Functions) that carry out chemical transformations within the confines of a cellular structure using biological catalysts, enzymes
Coding devices (Genetic Functions), analogous to computers, which store and process genetic information (DNA) that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction. |
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Term
Origin of cellular life;
Cyanobacteria |
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Definition
Origin of cellular life
3.8 bya
Cyanobacteria
Began oxygenation around 3 bya |
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Term
| nucleated cells: include both microbial and multicellular |
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Definition
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Term
80% of Earth’s History was exclusively _______
What does LUCA stand for: |
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Definition
microbial
LUCA: Last Universal Common Ancestor |
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Term
| 1684 Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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Definition
| 1st observation of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| introduces small pox vaccination (human cow pox pustules) |
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Term
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Definition
| resolves the problem of spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
| grows pure culture of anthrax microorganism |
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Term
| Three Things Needed for Microbiology to Develop as a Science |
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Definition
Microscopy (1): not simple microscopes like that of Hooke &Van Leeuwenhoek: needed compound
II. Laboratory Cultivation
Sterilization and Aseptic Techniques(2)
Pasteur’s work disproving spontaneous generation
Pure Culture Methods (3)
Koch’s work on cause of infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
a. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope
b. Drawings of bacteria
c. Human blood smear with rbcs.
Reported findings in Letters to Royal Society of London in 1684. |
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