Term
| Toxin effect for C. Diphtheria |
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Definition
| A/B toxin inhibits protein synthesis (alpha subunit inhibits EF2 needed for transcription) |
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Term
| Toxin effect for Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis (affects EF transcription factor) |
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Term
| toxin effect for C. Botulinum |
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Definition
| protease cleaves SNARE proteins at the neuromuscular junction so there is no neurotransmitter release and resulting paralysis |
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Term
| toxin effect for Clostridium Tetani |
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Definition
| Blocks the inhibition of GABA neurotransmitter; there is no "off switch" at the NMJ which results in repetitive stimuli (tetanus--muscle spasms) |
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Term
| Toxin effect for Vibrio cholera |
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Definition
| increases cAMP cascade which bind epithelial G protein cascade causing excretion of ions (diarrhea) |
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Term
| toxin effect for Bordatella pertussis |
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Definition
| increases cAMP messengers increasing insulin release leading to hypoglycemia |
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Term
| toxin effect for Shigella dysenteria |
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving and deactivating RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by deactivating ribosomes |
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Term
| Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton |
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Definition
Cutaneous--Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (jock itch, athlete’s foot)
ringworm infection; colonizing keratinized epithelium
remove keratin with KOH; wood’s lamp
tx: topical antifungal |
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Term
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Definition
Subcutaneous--Sporothrix schenckii (Rose Gardener’s Disease)
from hyphae to yeast
on soil/plants introduced via trauma forming local nodules (can spread to lymph)
Tx: oral potassium iodide |
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Term
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Definition
C. immitis (Valley Fever→ SW US)
hyphae→ spheres containing endospores
spores in soil are inhaled (infection in lung)
immunocompromised can cause pneumonia and spread via blood forming granulomas |
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Term
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Definition
H. capsulatum (Histoplasmosis→ Mississippi/SE US)
hyphae→ yeast (in macrophages)
spores from bird droppings inhaled→ macrophage phagocytose and the spores can spread (look like calcium deposits on Xray)
Tx: amphotericin B |
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Term
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Definition
A. fumigatus (aspergillosis)
mold grows on vegetation and are inhaled
allergy reaction (↑ IgE)
deposit in lung cavity as a ball
invade lung tissue and blood→ pulmonary infarction
Tx: surgery, corticosteroids, antifungal (amphotericin B) |
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Term
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Definition
C. neoformans (cryptococcosis→ most common fungal meningitis)
INDIA INK prep (stains polysaccharide capsule) show budding yeast
found in pigeon droppings and is inhaled
local lung infection or spread via blood to CNS (↑ CSF pressure)
Tx: amphotericin B |
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Term
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Definition
C. albicans (candidiasis→ vaginitis, esophagitis)
normal flora for GI, respiratory, vagina
mouth (oral thrush), vaginal (vaginitis), cutaneous (under breasts)
Tx: mouth (fluconazole, nystatin mouthwash), vagina (fluconazole), systemic (amphotericin B) |
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Term
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Definition
C. parvum (cryptosporidiosis)
WATERY DIARRHEA
fecal-oral transmission: ingested oocysts into small intestines
Tx: supportive |
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Term
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Definition
G. lamblia (giardiasis: mustachioed trophozoite!)
OILY DIARRHEA--trichrome smear
fecal-oral: trophozoite attaches to duodenal wall→ malabsorption
Tx: metronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
E. histolytica (amebiasis)
BLOODY DIARRHEA
fecal-oral of cysts: transforms to trophozoite in ileum and invade colon (necrosis) or enter portal circulation to form abcesses
Tx: metronidazole, drain hepatic abcesses |
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Term
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Definition
T. vaginalis (trichomoniasis): 5 flagella/1 nucleus tear drop shape
sexual transmission: females have green discharge; males asymptomatic (or w/ urethritis)
Tx: metronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
P. falciparum (all RBCs), vivax, ovale, malariae (old RBCs) (Malaria)--GIEMSA STAIN
mosquito bite releases sporozoite into blood carried to liver, liver cells burst and invasion of RBCs (hemolysis→ anemia); RBC rigidity→ splenomegaly
Tx: chloroquine, mefloquine, primaquine (liver infection) |
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Term
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Definition
T. brucei (sleeping sickness)
tsetse fly bite releases protozoan into blood→ enlarged lymph nodes and fever; infection of CNS (meningitis, encephalitis, somnolence)
Tx: suramin; eflornithine/melarsoprol (if CNS infection) |
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Term
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Definition
T. gondii (toxoplasmosis)
ingested from undercooked meat or CAT FECES penetrates intestines and is spread after invasion of macrophages
can cross the placenta
Tx: sulfonamide and pyrimethamine |
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Term
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Definition
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
fecal-oral: egg ingested hatch in duodenum and mate in colon leave to perianal skin to lay eggs (ITCHY butt)
SCOTCH TAPE TEST |
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Term
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Definition
A. lumbricoides (ascariasis) → most common helminth infection
eggs ingested in contaminated soil, enter blood to the lungs→ inflammation and maybe pneumonia (larvae can go to intestines and cause malnutrition)
eosinophilia
Tx: pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole |
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Term
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Definition
T. saginata (beef tapeworm)
ingested in poorly cooked beef
stool: progottids, eggs
Tx: niclosamide, cathartic |
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Term
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Definition
T. Solium (pork tapeworm)
ingested in poorly cooked pork (larvae go to intestines)
or eggs ingested from feces and these hatch and travel to other tissues (brain, eye, muscles) → eosinophilia
Tx: niclosamide and cathartic (intestines); praziquantel/steroids (to reduce inflammation of dying cysts) |
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Term
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Definition
Schistosoma spp.
larvae from snails into fresh water penetrate human skin and enter blood to the portal circulation or bladder
hematuria, eosinophilia
adult form coats itself with host antigen (can survive long time)
Tx: praziquantel |
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Term
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Definition
W. bancrofti (elephantiasis)
mosquito transmission enters blood carried to lymph nodes of genitals and lower extremities
obstruction of lymph drainage→ edema in legs/scrotum
Microfiliariae are most common at night
Tx: diethylcarbamazine (only work on the microfilariae) |
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Term
| HIV (HIV1 is global; HIV2 is Africa) |
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Definition
genome and life cycle
enveloped, ssRNA
ssRNA uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA then uses host machinery (for transcription/translation) making protein
Life cycle
viral gp120 binds CD4 cell surface (CXCR4 or CCR5 receptors on T cell)
can bind CCR5 for macrophages
gp41 mediates viral-cell fusion
viral genome uncoating→ ssRNA uses reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA, integrase inserts copies randomly into the host (remains latent)
activation--provirus genes expressed
gag: encodes polyprotein virion core
pol: encodes protein for reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
env: encodes envelope proteins
viral protease cleaves polyproteins
disease caused
acute viremia: vigorous host immune response (like mono)
latent stage: virus replication (lymph area), immune response, mutations in virus
↑ viral load, ↓ CD4
AIDS: CD4 count less than 200/uL (immunocompromised)
Tx: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT); protease inhibitors (indinavir, nelfinavir) |
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Term
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Definition
genome: ssRNA
life cycle: contact/aerosol transmission binds epithelial cells in resp. tract causing inflammation
exudate may block passageways
acquired IgA immunity to a serotype afterwards
disease caused: common cold
Tx: supportive care (no vaccine→ too many serotypes) |
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Term
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Definition
genome: nonenveloped, dsDNA
life cycle:
aerosal, fecal-oral→ enters and lyses mucosal cells
disease caused: resp. infection, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis
Tx: vaccine (live virus) |
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Term
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Definition
genome:
enveloped, dsDNA linear
life cycle: transmission by sexual contact, infection of mucous membranes can cause lesions in genital area
virus enters nerves
can cross placenta
disease caused: genital herpes, neonatal herpes
Tx: Acyclovir
Lytic/Latent infection
latent: enters the nerves of lumbosacral ganglia
lytic: stress (menstruation, fever, sunlight) reactivates and virus is transported to nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
genome
enveloped, dsDNA linear
life cycle: inhalation → flu symptoms leading to rash
disease caused: chickenpox or shingles
Tx: supportive, acyclovir (if severe), anti-VZV immunoglobin (if immunocompromised)
Lytic/Latent infection
latent: virus enters the sensory dorsal root ganglion and when reactivated is transported to nerve endings causing painful rash over sensory dermatome (SHINGLES) |
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Term
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Definition
genome: dsDNA, nonenveloped
life cycle: close contact transmission infects epithelial cells of epidermis or mucous membranes
disease caused
Tx: vaccine
Lytic/Latent infection
lysogenic: basal cell infection, virus transforms the basal cell→ warts
lytic: infects keratinized epithelium, DNA replication/assembly and lysing |
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Term
| Conjugation--horizontal transfer |
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Definition
| plasmids (transposon insertion) |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake of naked DNA from environment |
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Term
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Definition
| phages, randomly moving pieces of DNA (only if the phage is induced are the genes expressed) |
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Term
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Definition
| (pos. is staph); indicates usage of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| (neg. is E. Coli; pos. is Pseudomonas); used in e- transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
bacitracin, fosfomycin, B-Lactams
only affect growing cells |
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Term
| targets of Gyrase (topoisomerase) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thick peptidoglycan, 1 membrane, Teichoic Acid & LTA, M proteins (bind Factor H to look like self) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin peptidoglycan wall; 2 membranes (outer: LPS--lipid A, core, O antigen-->target of complement); can be killed by MAC |
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Term
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Definition
| mu cassette (first made); 10 binding sites (pentameric); high avidity low affinity; fixes complement |
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Term
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Definition
| gamma cassette (2nd in class switch); high affinity; 2 binding sites; fixes complement |
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Term
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Definition
| alpha cassette; mucus, high affinity (no fixing of complement) |
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Term
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Definition
| docks with CD4 along with PAMPs |
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Term
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Definition
| dosage of the virus associates with the severity |
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Term
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Definition
| b cell antibodies CANT reach (can only work on cell surfaces) |
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Term
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Definition
made by the infected cell (local infection)
alpha (autocrine): binds to self and halts host cell translation of proteins (so no viral protein production means no productive infection--this is temporal)
beta (paracrine): binds neighbor so they can't become infected |
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Term
| live (attenuated) vaccines |
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Definition
| replicate slowly so triggers a full immune response (B cell, T cell, antibody production) |
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Term
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Definition
| good for immunocompromised; can't infect the cells (so no CD8 response) but can still produce an antibody and CD4 response |
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Term
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Definition
| yeast (actively dividing--warm temperatures); mold (hyphae--ambient temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| can assume both mold and yeast forms (temperature dependent) |
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Term
| fungi cell wall component |
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Definition
| ergosterol (azoles and amphotercerin B target this); chitin |
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Term
| response of immune from a fungal infection |
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Definition
| innate immunity, non-specific inflammatory neutrophil response; t cells (granulomatous and macrophages) |
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Term
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Definition
| corresponds with protozoa or helminth infection |
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Term
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Definition
| strep O makes pores in cell membranes |
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Term
| superantigens (hormone analogs) |
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Definition
| binds MHC receptor between APC and T cell (super stimulation of T cell so high cytokine production) leads to SHOCK [staph] |
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Term
| Gram negative evasion techniques |
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Definition
pilli or fimbriae
long O antigen keeps the MAC away
special outer membrane proteins block opsonization
sialic acid in O antigen (look like host)
capsule binds Factor H |
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Term
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Definition
Gram neg:
1. used to inject effector proteins to avoid phagocytosing
2. Salmonella uses to induce uptake then switches to a different Type 3 to get phagocytosed into a macrophage |
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Term
| gram positive evasion techniques |
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Definition
pilli
strep M proteins (prevent complement fixation and bind factor H)
bind fibronectin
Hyaluronic Acid capsule |
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